اخلاق در مدیریت پروژه

اخلاق در مدیریت پروژه

اسلاید 1: اخلاق در مدیریت پروژهدکتر عبدالرضا بابامحمودی

اسلاید 2: از دیدگاه زبان عامی و فنی خُلق یعنی خوی، طبع، سجیه، عادت، و جمع آن اخلاق است.صفت اخلاقی: عامل انجام یک عمل اخلاقی در شرایط خاص، به طور ناخودآگاه و شرطی مثل بخشندگی و دروغگوییعمل اخلاقی: آن نوع عمل که بتوان در مورد خوب یا بد بودن آن قضاوت کرد. می‌تواند آگاهانه یا بی اختیار و عادتی(در اثر یک خلق) باشد . مثل یک بار بخشیدن و دروغ گفتن و ...ویکیپدیا

اسلاید 3: Ethicsاخلاق عبارت است از خوی و ویژگی های درونی انساناخلاق ساختار وجودی انسان است که گاهی به معنای عام و با منظور تمام ویژگی ها ی درونی انسان، اعم از خوب یا بد به کار می رود معمولاً مترادف با رفتار و خصوصیات روحی و معنوی مثبت Ethics بازتاب اصول وجودی و معنوی رفتار ما در زندگی روزانه استبخش غیر کلامی آن چیزی است که با دیگران انجام می دهیم. Ethics

اسلاید 4:

اسلاید 5: EthicsEthics معانی متفاوتی دارد که همگی مربوط به استانداردهای رفتاری اندمربوط به درست یا غلط بودن و خوب یا بد بودن اعمال انسان است به سیستمی از اصول راهنما و قوانینی اطلاق می شود که در باره مشخص کردن فعالیتهای مجاز، لازم و یا ممنوع صحبت می کندسیستم های اخلاقی ممکن است طبیعت مذهبی و یا غیر مذهبی داشته باشند ممکن است به شیوه ای فردی یا عمومی و از دیدگاهی کلی یا ویژه مورد استفاده قرار گیردEthics گاهی اشاره به آداب وهنجارهای یک گروه خاص دارد مثل اصول اخلاقی پزشکی، پرستاری، مهندسی و..

اسلاید 6: “ethics are standards of beliefs and values that guide conduct, behavior, and attitudes…simply doing the right thing”*Ethics, loosely defined, is a set of principles that guide our decision making based on personal values of what is “right” and “wrong.”The science of ethics has had a remarkable impact on the practice of professionals in various fields. (*Nelson, Managing for Dummies. 2003, p. 200).Ethics

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اسلاید 8: Ethics Theories

اسلاید 9: Significance of Ethics Principlesاصول اخلاقی راهنمایی برای تصمیم گیری ها و فعالیت های اخلاقی هستنداصول اخلاقی تحت تاثیر زمینه فرهنگی اقتصادی و اجتماعی قرار می گیرد اصول اخلاقی فردی شامل ارزش های اخلاقی ست که هرفرد برای زندگی خود و در ارتباطش با دیگران بر می گزیند

اسلاید 10: Significance of Ethics Principlesاصول اخلاقی اجتماعی در ارتباط با هنجارهای هر جامعه معنا می شودبا هر پس زمینه فرهنگی، امروزه اهمیت کاربرداصول اخلاقی در مراقبت های بهداشتی بطور فزاینده ای شناخته شده است

اسلاید 11: Professional ethicsاخلاق حرفه ای، اصول کلی تر اخلاقی را در فضای خاص حرفه ای مطرح می کند. اخلاق حرفه ای شاخه ای از علم اخلاق است که با توجه به شرایط و فضای هر حرفه خاص تعریف می شود.

اسلاید 12: Professional Ethicsاصول اخلاقی حرفه ای به عنوان استانداردهای مورد توافق و رفتارهای مورد انتظار از اعضاء یک گروه حرفه ای خاص توصیف می شوداین استانداردها معمولا در professional code of ethics یا کدهای اخلاق حرفه ای بیان شده و ممکن است پشتیبانی قانونی هم داشته باشد

اسلاید 13: اخلاق پزشکیشاخه ای کاربردی از اخلاق یا فلسفه اخلاق است که سعی دارد در سایه تحلیل های فلسفی درست و نادرست را در حیطه عملکرد در طب و مراقبت های بهداشتی تبیین نماید.فعالیتی تحلیلی که طی آن افکار، عقاید ، تعهدات، روش رفتار، احساسات، استدلالات و بحث های مختلف در حیطه تصمیم گیری های اخلاقی در پزشکی به صورت دقیق و انتقادی بررسی شده و در صورت لزوم دستورالعمل هایی صادر می شود. تصمیمات اخلاق پزشکی در حیطه عملکرد طبی، بدیهییات و ارزش ها، خوب یا بد، درست و نادرست و باید و نباید ها را مشخص می کند. اخلاق در صحنه عمل پزشکی اخلاق پزشکی عمدتاً با نوشته های بیوچامپ و چیلدرس گسترش یافته

اسلاید 14: اصول اساسی اخلاق پزشکیAutonomy اختیارBeneficence سود رسانی Non-mal efficiencies اجتناب از آسیب و صدمهJustice عدالت

اسلاید 15: Basic principles in Medical EthicalRespect for Persons.a. Informed Consent.Information.Comprehension.Voluntariness.b. Confidentialityc. Truth-telling2. Beneficence3. Nonmaleficence.a. Assessment of Risks and Benefits4. Justice.

اسلاید 16: اخلاق از حرف تا عمل

اسلاید 17: قطب نمای اخلاق

اسلاید 18: معمای اخلاق

اسلاید 19: هدف اخلاقی؟

اسلاید 20: 21Interesting Ethics Code Timeline from Google

اسلاید 21: Ethical considerations in Health Project Management

اسلاید 22: Project managers often face ethical dilemmas.For example, several projects involve different payment methods.If a project manager can make more money by doing a job poorly, should he or she do the job poorly? No! If a project manager is personally opposed to the development of nuclear weapons, should he or she refuse to manage a project that helps produce them? Yes! Ethics guide us in making these types of decisions. (Introduction to Project Management. Kathy Schwalbe. Course Technology; 1 edition (December 15, 2005))

اسلاید 23: Ten most important skills and competencies for project managers1. People skills2. Leadership3. Listening4. Integrity, ethical behavior, consistent5. Strong at building trust6. Verbal communication7. Strong at building teams8. Conflict resolution, conflict management9. Critical thinking, problem solving10. Understands, balances prioritiesJennifer Krahn, “Effective Project Leadership: A Combination of Project Manager Skills and Competencies in Context,” PMI Research Conference Proceedings ( July 2006).

اسلاید 24: All professions have a code of ethics, and project management is no exception.A code of ethics is simply a way to provide professionals with a set of principles, standards, and guidelines for dealing with ethical issues and circumstances.

اسلاید 25: As mentioned earlier, projects funded within the Health Program contribute to solving of a relevant health problem.It may be mentioned that the final performance indicator of these projects is IMROVEMENT in HEALTH.So, ethical consideration is more important in managing health projects than other ones.The PMI (project management institute) code of ethics is a good example in this regard.

اسلاید 26: آیین نامه اخلاق حرفه ای PMI تمام کسانی که عضو PMI باشند یا یکی از گواهی‌های ان را گرفته باشند، تعهد دارند که به آیین‌نامه‌ای به نام آیین نامه اخلاق حرفه‌ای PMIپایبند باشند.این آیین‌نامه درباره اخلاق حرفه‌ای مدیریت پروژه‌ است و جالب است که در آزمون PMP هم سوال‌های زیادی از آن طرح میشود

اسلاید 27: آیین‌نامه اخلاق حرفه‌ای را در چهار حوزه تعریف می‌کند: مسئولیت‌پذیری: ما باید خود را مالک تصمیم‌هایی که گرفته‌ایم، تصمیم‌هایی که می‌بایست بگیریم و نگرفته‌ایم، کارهایی که کرده‌ایم و کارهایی که می‌بایست کرده باشیم و نکرده‌ایم و تبعات تمامی آن‌ها بدانیم.احترام: وظیفه ماست که برای خود، دیگران و منابعی که در اختیارمان قرار داده شده است احترام قائل باشیم. انصاف: وظیفه ماست که تصمیم‌گیری‌هایمان بی‌طرفانه و عینی باشند. اعمال ما باید عاری از علاقه‌های شخصی، پیش‌داوری و طرفداری باشد.صداقت: وظیفه داریم که حقیقت را بدانیم و آن را در گفته‌ها و اعمالمان مبنا قرار دهیم.

اسلاید 28: PMI Code of Ethics for project managersRESPONSIBILITY: The duty to take ownership for the decisions we make or fail to make, the actions we take or fail to take, and the consequences that result. RESPECT: The duty to show a high regard for ourselves, others, and the resources entrusted to us. Resources entrusted to us may include people, money, reputation, the safety of others, and natural or environmental resources. FAIRNESS: The duty to make decisions and act impartially and objectively. Our conduct must be free from competing self interest, prejudice, and favoritism. HONESTY: The duty to understand the truth and act in a truthful manner both in our communications and in our conduct.

اسلاید 29: PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct RESPONSIBILITY Aspirational StandardsWe make decisions and take actions based on the best interests of society, public safety, and the environment.We accept only those assignments that are consistent with our background, experience, skills, and qualifications.We fulfill the commitments that we undertake – we do what we say we will do.When we make errors or omissions, we take ownership and make corrections promptly. When we discover errors or omissions caused by others, we communicate them to the appropriate body as soon they are discovered. We accept accountability for any issues resulting from our errors or omissions and any resulting consequences.We protect proprietary or confidential information that has been entrusted to us.We uphold this Code and hold each other accountable to it.

اسلاید 30: PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct RESPONSIBILITY Mandatory StandardsRegulations and Legal RequirementsWe inform ourselves and uphold the policies, rules, regulations and laws that govern our work, professional, and volunteer activities.We report unethical or illegal conduct to appropriate management and, if necessary, to those affected by the conduct.Ethics ComplaintsWe bring violations of this Code to the attention of the appropriate body for resolution.We only file ethics complaints when they are substantiated by facts.We pursue disciplinary action against an individual who retaliates against a person raising ethics concerns.

اسلاید 31: PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct RESPECTAspirational StandardsWe inform ourselves about the norms and customs of others and avoid engaging in behaviors they might consider disrespectful.We listen to others’ points of view, seeking to understand them.We approach directly those persons with whom we have a conflict or disagreement.We conduct ourselves in a professional manner, even when it is not reciprocated.Mandatory standardsWe negotiate in good faith. We do not exercise the power of our expertise or position to influence the decisions or actions of others in order to benefit personally at their expense. We do not act in an abusive manner toward others. We respect the property rights of others.

اسلاید 32: Aspirational StandardsWe demonstrate transparency in our decision-making process. We constantly reexamine our impartiality and objectivity, taking corrective action as appropriate. We provide equal access to information to those who are authorized to have that information. We make opportunities equally available to qualified candidates. PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct FAIRNESS

اسلاید 33: PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct FAIRNESS Mandatory standards:Conflict of Interest Situations We proactively and fully disclose any real or potential conflicts of interest to the appropriate stakeholders.When we realize that we have a real or potential conflict of interest, we refrain from engaging in the decision-making process or otherwise attempting to influence outcomes, unless or until: we have made full disclosure to the affected stakeholders; we have an approved mitigation plan; and we have obtained the consent of the stakeholders to proceed. Favoritism and Discrimination We do not hire or fire, reward or punish, or award or deny contracts based on personal considerations, including but not limited to, favoritism, nepotism, or bribery. We do not discriminate against others based on, but not limited to, gender, race, age, religion, disability, nationality, or sexual orientation. We apply the rules of the organization (employer, Project Management Institute, or other group) without favoritism or prejudice.

اسلاید 34: PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct HONESTY Aspirational Standards We earnestly seek to understand the truth. We are truthful in our communications and in our conduct.We provide accurate information in a timely manner. We make commitments and promises, implied or explicit, in good faith. We strive to create an environment in which others feel safe to tell the truth. Mandatory Standards We do not engage in or condone behavior that is designed to deceive others, including but not limited to, making misleading or false statements, stating half-truths, providing information out of context or withholding information that, if known, would render our statements as misleading or incomplete. We do not engage in dishonest behavior with the intention of personal gain or at the expense of another.

اسلاید 35: GENERAL ETHICAL DILEMMASAllowing a Toxic Culture to ExistViolation of PrivacyTreat People InequitablyMisuse of Power and PositionDiscriminationNot Treat Everyone Fairly and EquitablyReceiving Inappropriate Entertainment and GiftsUnequal Access to Key Information and Other ResourcesNot Reporting Unethical Behavior

اسلاید 36: 37A little philosophical discussionLeadershipCommunityImplications for Project ManagersCompeting Demands make ethical decisions difficult (like the triple constraint)(reference: Ethics, The Heart of Leadership by Joanne B. Ciulla)

اسلاید 37: 38Conflict between PMBOK and The Code???How do we reconcile ethics with our daily work-a-day world?Maybe a little confusion between the PMBOK and The Code?What is the way forward?

اسلاید 38: 39Mapping The Code to the PMBOK Knowledge Areas

اسلاید 39: 40RESPONSIBILITY

اسلاید 40: 41RESPECT

اسلاید 41: 42FAIRNESS

اسلاید 42: 43HONESTY

اسلاید 43: رابطه بین کدها اخلاقی و قضاوت اخلاقی

اسلاید 44: ETHICS AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSESSome common ethical dilemmas that occur when executing each of the five process groups (i.e., initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing).

اسلاید 45: Initiating and EthicsOmitting Key StakeholdersMisaligning with Organizational GoalsNot Clarifying ExpectationsLying, misrepresentation or fabricating the truth to Win Contract

اسلاید 46: PLANNING AND ETHICSPaddingNo AccountabilityLying, misrepresentation or fabricating the truth

اسلاید 47: EXECUTING AND ETHICSMischargingMisinformation or DisinformationStraying from the Plan without AuthorizationViolating ConfidentialityViolating Employee RightsLacking Reliable, Consistent Treatment of Team MembersNot Encouraging CollaborationDismissing without Cause

اسلاید 48: CONTROLLING AND ETHICSMisreportingNot Sharing Information with Critical StakeholdersNot Using Reliable Data to Generate InformationDeliberately Not Reporting Bad NewsInflating Expense Reports

اسلاید 49: CLOSING AND ETHICSNot delivering results as promisedNot satisfying contractual requirementsFalsifying records

اسلاید 50: 51Concluding thoughtsProject Management is about relationships and relationships are about ethicsProject Managers are concerned about their professional reputationProject Managers want to be known as “Good People”

اسلاید 51: محمد (ص) قهرمان اخلاق

اسلاید 52: اسلام دین اخلاق

اسلاید 53: 54References (page 1)PMBOK 3rd and 4th EditionPMI Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility, October 2006Modern Ethics, Article in PM Network, January 2007 (also on PMI web site)Addressing Tough Ethical Issues Through Ethical Analysis, Article on PMI Today, December 2008 (also on PMI web site)The Ethical Enterprise: Doing the Right Things in The Right Ways, Today and Tomorrow : A Global Study of Business Ethics 2005-2015 by Jay J. Jamrog American Management Association/Human Resources Institute © 2006Ethics in Business: Ethics are Increasingly Important for Corporations by Anne Lindberg American Management Association/Human Resources Institute © 2006

اسلاید 54: 55References (page 2)Ethics, the Heart of Leadership by Joanne B. Ciulla (ed) Praeger Publishers © 1998Harvard Business Review on Corporate Ethics by Harvard Business School Publishing Harvard Business Press © 2003Web Site of the Illinois Institute of Technlogy, Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions (http://ethics.iit.edu). (For large amount of comparative information and over 2000 codes of ethics in their catalog).Web site of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (http://cpsr.org/issues/ethics/cei/)Web Site of the Ethics Resource Center (http://www.ethics.org/). (Which contains a large amount of information, include the three studies of the state of ethics in Business, Non-Profit and Government.)Web Site with the 1995 version of the Dungeons and Dragons Code of Ethics (http://www.complang.tuwien.ac.at/alex/rec.games.frp.dnd/TSR-Ethics Thanks to Dr.G Roshandel (some slides come from his presentation in my class)

اسلاید 55: Thanks for your attentio