۳ A Brief History of Medicine
اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir
اسلاید 2: 医学史简论(3) A Brief History of MedicineYu Hai Zhejiang University School of Medicineyuhai@zju.edu.cn
اسلاید 3: What is Medicine？什么是医学Medicine is the art and science concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation or cure of disease （Encyclopedia Britannica)Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the most empiric of arts, the most scientific of the humanities (Edmund Pellegrino)
اسلاید 4: The Origin of Medicine 远古医学 Prehistoric Medicine： 神话和传说 mythology and legends 考古发现 archeological discovery
اسلاید 5: Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legendsAsclepius is the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek，love child of Apollo and Coronis. His mother was killed for being unfaithful to Apollo but the unborn child was rescued from her womb. Asclepius means to cut open.“Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene) and Panacea (all-healing) AesculapiusGod of Medicine and healing
اسلاید 6: Apollo carried the baby to the Centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicineChiron-chirurgeon-surgeonPrehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
اسلاید 7: Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legendsThe rod of Asclepius It symbolizes the healing arts by combining the serpent, which in shedding its skin is a symbol of rebirth and fertility with the staff, a symbol of authority befitting the god of Medicine. One day Aesculapius killed a snake, but another snake emerged carrying an herbal leaf in his mouth; it placed the leaf on the head of the dead snake, which miraculously revived. The serpent became Aesculapius‘ constant companion.
اسلاید 8: caduceus CaduceusHermes- son of Zeus and Maia， God of messenger （Mercury）
اسلاید 9: Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legendsGod of Chinese Medicine-Shennong (Divine Farmer) - 神农氏（炎帝Yan Emperor）lived some 5,000 years ago, considered to be the father of Chinese agriculture, He is said to have tested hundreds of herbs to find their medical value.
اسلاید 10: 远古医学：神话和传说 Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends黄帝 Huangdi（Yellow Emperor） (2497 BC-2398 BC) is considered in Chinese Mythology to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese Descendants of Yan & Yellow Emperors (炎黃子孙，Yan Huang Zi Sun，means Chinese) Among his many accomplishments, Huangdi has been credited with the invention of the principles of Traditional Chinese MedicineGōngsūn Xuānyuán (公孙轩辕).
اسلاید 11: Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legendsQibo 岐伯-“歧黄之学”(medicine, the study of Qi and Huang)Qibo is said as the minister of Huangdi, Hangdineijin is the a book comprising the dialogues regarding medicinal problems between Huangdi and Qibo.Qibo might actually have been Hippocrates-according to sinologist Paul UnschuldTongjun 桐君 Minister of Huangdi, practitioner and pharmacist (Tongjun Hill)歧 伯桐 君
اسلاید 12: Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discoveryThe Hemudu (河姆渡) culture (5000 BC to 4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao, ZhejiangAnimal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell) and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are still used for traditional medicine were discovered in the Hemudu relicsReptile
اسلاید 13: The mummified body of iceman was discovered in the Tyrolean Alps in Northern Italy in 1991.In his possessions a birch fungus, Piptoporus betulinus was found, which contains oils that are toxic to certain parasitic bacteria, thus acting as a form of natures own antibiotics. in the mans colon the eggs of a parasitic whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone ageThe fungus may be used as natural medicine Stone age man’s medicine
اسلاید 14: Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discoveryStone and bone needles were discovered considered to be used as acupuncture (针-金 metal needle, 砭-石，stone needle)
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اسلاید 16: trephination 颅骨环钻术 (Peru)
اسلاید 17: Excavated in Dawenkou Shandong, China 山东大汶口出土 （Neolithic age 5000 year ago ）
اسلاید 18: Prehistoric Medicine-Trephination Trepanation is surgery in which a hole is drilled into the human skull to treat epidural and subdural hematomas 18th Century French1497
اسلاید 19: 颅骨环钻术（穿颅术） Trephination (7000-3000B.C. Neolithic period)for both medical reasons (epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders and mystical practices by letting evil spirits escape done by wizard
اسلاید 20: Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctorPrehistoric societies believed in both the natural and supernatural being able to variably cause and treat disease. It was believed that evil spirits could inhabit the body and cause illness within someone. Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures providing medical advice and supernatural treatments, such as charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits 巫医 Witch-doctor
اسلاید 21: 医字的演变 Evolution of the character 医醫毉 巫 witchwizard酉wine alcohol
اسلاید 22: 古代四大文明 Mesopotamia ChinaIndia EgyptMesopotamia
اسلاید 23: 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt4000 B.C. Invention of hieroglyph3100 B.C. First dynasty
اسلاید 24: 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt 伊姆荷太普(Imhotep）was an Egyptian polymath who served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC) as chancellor to the pharaoh and considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name. The founder of Egyptian medicine and the God of Medicine
اسلاید 25: 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt The embalming of mummy shows highly advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and preservation techniqueBrain- sinuses ethmoidel
اسلاید 26: 古埃及的医学 Ancient EgyptCT scanning for mummy of Tutankhamun to find the cause of death (gangrene after breaking his left leg )Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC)
اسلاید 27: 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt 2000-1500 BC 纸草 (Papyrus)文献The Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC) is full of incantations and foul applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons, and also includes 877 prescriptions.Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and details anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. It was probably written around 1600 BC, but is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC. Imhotep is credited as the original author of the papyrus text.
اسلاید 28: 古埃及的医学 Ancient EgyptOther information comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the accompanying inscriptions. A ceremonial circumcision. In the tomb of Ankh-ma-hor of the 6th Dynasty (circa 2200 BC)
اسلاید 29: A victim of Poliomyelitis with typical polio-derived equinovarus18th Dynasty1405-1356 BCAncient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a Ptolemaic period inscription on the Temple of Kom Ombo.
اسلاید 30: 古巴比伦的医学 Ancient BabylonCradle of civilization5000-4000 B.C Sumer2000 B.C. Babylon7th century Islamic Sassanid Empire (Iraq)The Hanging Garden and Tower of Babil
اسلاید 31: 古巴比伦的医学 Ancient BabylonWell developed astronomy, mathematics and medicine The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the physician Esagil-kin-apli, If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. 楔形文字 cuneiform (arrowheaded characters; wedge-shaped characters)
اسلاید 32: 古巴比伦的医学 Ancient BabylonCode of Hammurabi (the sixth Babylonian king1792-1750 B.C) contained 282 laws，law 215~240 is concerned about physicians, barbers and architect etc.Louvre Museum in Paris discovered in 1901
اسلاید 33: 古印度的医学 Ancient IndiaIndus Valley Civilization back to c.3300 BC Four period of ancient Indian medicine:VedaBrahmanBuddhistHindu。
اسلاید 34: 古印度的医学 Ancient IndiaIndian Medicine vadic period 1500 BC-500 BC Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD Islamic period 1300-1600 AD Western Medicine 1600 AD- SanskritThe three doshas (energy) (Vata, Pita, Kapha) and the 5 great elements (Ether, Water, Fire, Earth, Air) from which they are composed (Vata= air+ether, Pita=fire+water, Kapha=earth+water). Body constitutions are depends the proportion of different doshasTaj Mahal Mausoleum
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اسلاید 36: 古印度的医学 Ancient IndiaSushruta (Around 800 BC) was an ancient Indian surgeon and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments and classifies human surgery in 8 categories, so he is horned as the father of surgery.妙闻 Sushruta
اسلاید 37: 印度鼻成形术Italian Gasparo Tagliacozzi （1546－1599） with skin flap from forearmIndian rhinoplasty first developed by Sushruta
اسلاید 38: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine《山海经》Shanhaijing, an encyclopedia compiled in Spring-autumn and warring period (770-221 BC)137 drugs recorded including 76 animal drug and 54 plant and 7 others with clear medical effects Nipples as eye Navel as mouth
اسلاید 39: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine《黄帝内经》The Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Huangdi) compiled in warring states period（475-221 B.C）is the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine The work is composed of two texts each of eighty-one chapters or treatises in a question-and-answer format between Huangdi and his ministers. 素问 灵枢 （suwen and lingshu）
اسلاید 40: 《神农本草经》Shennong Bencaojing First compiled in Western Han Dynasty (202BC-26AD)This work is considered to be the earliest Chinese pharmacopeia. It includes 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals. ”中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
اسلاید 41: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine 哲学基础- “阴阳五行”Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element theory
اسلاید 42: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景), “the Hippocrates of China”, who was mayor of Changsha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage (伤寒论）, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. 张仲景 150-219
اسلاید 43: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese MedicineHua Tuo (华佗）Eastern Han physician (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp (麻沸汤）. Hua‘s physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out.
اسلاید 44: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine Huangfu Mi (皇甫谧），the Jin Dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Zhengjiu Jiayi jing (针灸甲乙经), ca. 265 AD. 皇甫谧（215－282）
اسلاید 45: 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese MedicineLi Shizhen (李时珍) (1518-1593 AD) created “Bencao Gangmu.” (本草纲目）It contains 1892 herbs, classified in 6 sections, 52 scrolls, and 60 categories.李时珍1518－1593）
اسلاید 46: Origin of Medicine Egypt Babylon India China Greek Rome Mediaeval Arabia (Islamic) Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM
اسلاید 47: Student PresentationTime：3/29 and 4/1Topic: Any thing related to History of MedicineGrouping: 3-5/group, on volunteer basisThe list of each group and the name(s) of presenter should submitted by 3/25 to yuhai@zju.edu.cnEach presentation should be less than 10’ with ppt, followed by 5’ discussion.
اسلاید 48: Thank
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