Anabolic Exercise for Health
اسلاید 1: Anabolic Exercise for HealthPresented by:Dr. Robert NewtonFoundation Professor in Exercise ScienceEdith Cowan University
اسلاید 2: Physical Inactivity and Chronic Disease“Indeed, with the possible exception of diet modification, we know of no single intervention with greater promise than physical exercise to reduce the risk of virtually all chronic diseases simultaneously”Booth et al, JAP 20002
اسلاید 3: Chronic Diseaseslow progress, long continuanceindividual crosses threshold - ‘‘clinical horizon’’ to manifestmechanisms underlying active long before outwardly affected 3
اسلاید 4: Cost of Chronic Disease“there has been an epidemic emergence of modern chronic diseases in the latter part of the 20th century”“costs in the USA are now approaching $1 trillion”Booth et al, JAP 20004
اسلاید 5: Examples of Major Chronic Diseasescoronary heart disease (atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, and stroke)obesityType 2 diabetessome cancersosteoporosissarcopenia5
اسلاید 6: Only fighting half of the battle: being reactive instead of proactiveMedical research and treatment is focused almost entirely on secondary and tertiary preventionPrimary prevention is cheaper, more effective, and far less painful6
اسلاید 7: We are programmed for physical activity“the human genome evolved over at least the last 45,000 years within an environment of high physical activity”“the current human genome expects and requires humans to be physically active for normal function and health maintenance”Booth et al, JAP 20007
اسلاید 8: “There is no pharmacological intervention that holds a greater promise of improving health and promoting independence in the elderly than does exercise”Evans & Campbell, Journal of Nutrition, 19938
اسلاید 9: Physical Inactivity and Chronic Disease~ 250,000 deaths per year in the US are premature due to physical inactivityincreases incidence of at least 17 unhealthy conditionsalmost all of which are chronic diseases or considered risk factors for chronic diseasesBooth et al, JAP 20009
اسلاید 10: Physical Inactivity and Chronic Disease…2Physical inactivity ranks second only to tobacco smoking in terms of the burden of disease from risk factors in Australia.6% (second highest burden for men) of the total burden of disease and injury among males8% among females (highest burden for women) AIHW: Mathers et al. 199910
اسلاید 11: Physical Inactivity and Chronic Disease…3Adult participation in sufficient physical activity for a health benefit declined from 62% in 1997 to 57% in 2000.Overweight and obesity remains a serious problem, affecting around 65% of men, 45% of women and 22% of children aged 2-17 years.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australia’s Health 200211
اسلاید 12: Cardiovascular Disease in Australialeading cause of death among Australians in 200049,741 deaths or 39% of all deaths. coronary heart disease 53%stroke 25%heart failure 5%peripheral vascular disease 5%Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australia’s Health 200212
اسلاید 13: How important is physical activity? image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/ “Living Longer Living Stronger”13
اسلاید 14: SarcopeniaLoss of muscle mass and function60% of over 80yrsAnabolic exercise most effective strategy to prevent or reverse sarcopenia image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/14
اسلاید 15: Causes of Sarcopenianutrition (under-nutrition and lack of vitamin D)decreased hormone levels (e.g growth hormone, testosterone)reduced physical activity particularly high intensityloss of nerves that innervate the musclesGrounds, M.D. Biogerontology, 2002image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/15
اسلاید 16: DiabetesDiabetes is the worlds fastest growing disease Its Australias sixth leading cause of death Over one million Australians have it — but 50% are as yet unaware Every 10 minutes someone is diagnosed with diabeteshttp://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/16
اسلاید 17: Impaired Glucose Tolerance17Age-specific prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, 1999-2000Age (years) Men% Women%25–34 2.1 4.935–44 4.8 8.545–54 8.4 11.255–64 14.8 15.265–74 20.4 22.975+ 25.5 20.7Source: Dunstan et al. 2001.Metabolic stage between normal and diabetesRisk factor for Type 2 diabetesAlso greater risk of heart diseaseMuch higher in physically inactive and obeseImproved with physical activity and weight reduction
اسلاید 18: Impaired Glucose Tolerance18“In addition to controlling weight, physical activity also improves the body’s sensitivity to insulin, helping to lower blood sugar.”“Even a single bout of vigorous physical activity will have an immediate effect on insulin sensitivity.”Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australia’s Health 2002
اسلاید 19: Resistance Exercise and DiabetesExercise improves insulin resistanceBeneficial for preventing and treating type 2 diabetesAerobic exercise hindered in older, obese, co-morbid patientsAnabolic exercise safe and effective Willey and Singh. Diabetes Care, 200319
اسلاید 20: Physical Activity and DiabetesIt is estimated that appropriate levels of physical activity could prevent 30-50% of new cases of Type 2 diabetesBenefits for preventing and treating diabetes occur only with regular sustained physical activity patternsManson & Spelsberg,1994)20
اسلاید 21: Anabolic Exercise and OsteoporosisEvidence is conclusiveLifelong physical activity has strong preventative effectAnabolic exercise - greatest efficacyExample*1 year study of strength and endurance training1.3% increase BMD in training group1.2% decrease for control*Kemmler et al. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 200321
اسلاید 22: Anabolic Exercise and OsteoarthritisIncreased function e.g. stair climb and descend, chair rise, walkingReduced ratings of painReduced stiffnessStudies report anabolic exercise to be “safe, effective and well tolerated in OA patients”22
اسلاید 23: Anabolic Exercise and Rheumatoid ArthritisFeasible and safe in selected patients with well-controlled RASignificant improvements in strength, pain, and fatigue Without exacerbating disease activity or joint pain.Hakkinen, A. 2002 and 200323
اسلاید 24: Physical activity and cancer riskPeople who are physically inactive are nearly twice as likely to develop colon cancer(Colditz et al. 1997). Physical activity is also associated with around a 30% reduction in the risk of women of all ages developing breast cancer (Thune & Furberg 2001). 24
اسلاید 25: Exercise for Cancer PatientsDisease and treatment usually results in debilitating fatigueResearch examining exercise programs pre surgery and/or during treatmentIncreased vigorReduced muscle and bone lossEnhanced immune functionPossible increase survivalPositive psychological influencesProstate and Breast cancerMore accurate detectionAnabolic Exercise25
اسلاید 26: Mental Illness, Dementia, Alzheimer’sPhysical inactivity - risk factorMechanism unknownPhysical activity – strong positive effectSlows progression of diseaseAgeing population – dementia will become major problem26
اسلاید 27: Epidemiology27McDowell, I. Alzheimers disease: insights from epidemiology. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research. 13:143-162, 2001.Epidemiological studies into Alzheimer disease indicates physical activity appears beneficial, as does a diet with high levels of vitamins B6, B12 and folate, while red wine in moderate quantities also appears protective
اسلاید 28: Cholesterol28Exercise and nutrition demonstrated effects on:Lowered TCLowered LDL-CIncreased HDL-CLowered triglyceridesScranton, R., et al. Predictors of 14-year changes in the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in men. American Heart Journal. 147(6):1033-1038, 2004
اسلاید 29: Hypertension29Exercise can lower BP in patients with stage 1 and 2 essential hypertensionAverage reduction in BP is 10.5 mm Hg for systolic and 7.6 mm Hg for diastolic BPKokkinos, P. F., P. Narayan, and V. Papademetriou. Exercise as hypertension therapy. Cardiology Clinics. 19:507-516, 2001.
اسلاید 30: Obesity and Overweight30Combination of exercise and dietary modification is the only effective long-term strategy for controlling body weight
اسلاید 31: Falls - Cost31accidental falls for > 65 years $83 million in 2001/021.5 % of health expenditure in WAcost per fall was $6,500Personal and family cost much larger
اسلاید 32: Falls - Prevention32MultifactorialRange of physical activity interventions proven successfulAnabolic exercise reverse loss of muscle strength and slows bone loss – critical function
اسلاید 33: Deficiencies of some physical activity programs for seniorsMust reverse our concept of “gentle exercise”To maintain function, reduce chronic disease, enhance quality of life – MUST simulate pre-industrial revolution!Ageism! We need to change our perceptions33
اسلاید 34: Life-Long Prevention StrategyClearly life-long physical activity including resistance exercise is crucial to maintaining optimal structure and function into old agePrimary prevention is imperative!image from http://www.cotavic.org.au/34
اسلاید 35: Fighting Fit??http://www.ucomics.com/closetohome/2004/03/07/35
اسلاید 36: Edith Cowan University36International enrolments exceed 3,000 with students originating from more than 80 countries.ECUs origins go back to 1902 when it began as a teaching college. Today it is Western Australias second largest university with almost 23,000 students.The University has three metropolitan campuses in Churchlands, Mount Lawley and Joondalup and a regional campus in Bunbury, a city 200kms south of Perth.More than 330 courses are offered through the five faculties: Business and Public Management; Computing, Health and Science; Communications and Creative Industries, which incorporates the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts; Community Services, Education and Social Sciences; and the Faculty of Regional Professional Studies
اسلاید 37: Sport and Exercise Science37Certificates offeredPersonal TrainingWomen’s WellnessDegrees offeredBachelor of Science (Sports Science)Masters and PhD by researchMasters of Exercise Science (Strength and Conditioning)
اسلاید 38: ECU WellnessTraining and certificationProfessional developmentOn-going support38
اسلاید 39: Thank Youwww.ecu.edu.au39
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