Architectural reference models
اسلاید 1: Reference Modelsمدل های مرجع معماری
اسلاید 2: Pegah NejatReference Models2Table of ContentWhat is a reference model? (10%)Two reference model samplesOASIS SOA (10%)OSI reference model (3%)FEA reference model consisting of : Performance RM (16%)Business RM (13%)Service RM (10%)Technical RM (10%)Data RM (10% )Relating FEA reference models to each other (10%)
اسلاید 3: Pegah NejatReference Models3What is a reference model?A reference model is an abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among the entities of some environment.Reference model consists of a minimal set of unifying concepts, principals and relationships within a particular problem domain, and is independent of specific standards, technologies, implementations, or other concrete details.
اسلاید 4: Pegah NejatReference Models4An abstraction hierarchyReference ModelReference ArchitectureConcrete (actual) ArchitectureAlignment to specific requirementsConceptualization
اسلاید 5: Pegah NejatReference Models5An example on this abstraction hierarchy : providing housingReference ModelConcepts : eating area, hygiene area, sleeping area Relationships: physical separation between eating area and hygiene areaReference ArchitectureBedroom , kitchen , WC , hallway There may be several reference architectures for one reference models e.g. reference architecture for an apartment , hotel rooms , a space station , …Concrete (actual) ArchitectureBlueprints for a specific house: where to put windows , their size, …
اسلاید 6: Pegah NejatReference Models6OASIS SOA : a reference model for SOA architecturesGoal : to define the essence of service oriented architecture, and emerge with a vocabulary and a common understanding of SOA.A basic definition of SOA :Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a paradigm for organizing and utilizing distributed capabilities that may be under the control of different ownership domains.
اسلاید 7: Pegah NejatReference Models7OASIS SOA Reference Model Main Concepts
اسلاید 8: Pegah NejatReference Models8OASIS SOA Reference Model Relationships
اسلاید 9: Pegah NejatReference Models9OSI Reference Modela layered abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design.
اسلاید 10: Pegah NejatReference Models10FEA reference modelsThe Federal Enterprise Architecture is an initiative of the Office of Management and Budget that aims to comply with the Clinger-Cohen Act and provide a common methodology for information technology (IT) acquisition in the United States federal government. Goals:ease sharing of information and resources across federal agencies reduce costs improve citizen services
اسلاید 11: Pegah NejatReference Models11Performance reference Modela standardized framework to measure the performance of major IT investments and their contribution to program performance Goals:improve strategic and daily decision-makingImprove the alignment of inputs to outputs and outcomes Identify performance improvement opportunities
اسلاید 12: Pegah NejatReference Models12PRM (cont ‘d)Six Measurement Areas
اسلاید 13: Pegah NejatReference Models13PRM (cont ‘d)Measurement AreasMeasurement Categories:Collections within each measurement area describing the attribute or characteristic to be measuredMeasurement Groupings:Further refinement of categories into specific types of measurement indicatorsMeasurement Indicators:The specific measures, e.g., number and/or percentage of customers satisfied
اسلاید 14: Pegah NejatReference Models14PRM (cont ‘d)Mission and Business Results MAIdentifies the extent to which those purposes are being achieved.Customer Results MAcaptures how well an agency or specific process within an agency is serving its customers—and ultimately citizens.Processes and Activities MAcaptures key aspects of processes or activities required to be monitored and/or improved.Technology MAcaptures key elements of performance directly relating to the IT initiativeHuman Capital MA : under construction!Other Fixed Assets MA : under construction!
اسلاید 15: Pegah NejatReference Models15PRM (cont ‘d) – A piece of PRM table
اسلاید 16: Pegah NejatReference Models16Business Reference ModelHierarchical constructDescribing day-to-day business operations of the Federal government function-driven independent of the agencies that perform them
اسلاید 17: Pegah NejatReference Models17BRM (cont ‘d)
اسلاید 18: Pegah NejatReference Models18BRM (cont ‘d)Services for citizens:high-level categories relating to the purpose of governmentMode of Deliverythe mechanisms the government uses to achieve its purposeSupport Delivery of ServicesThe support functions necessary to conduct government operationsManagement of Government Resourcesthe resource management functions that support all areas of the government’s business
اسلاید 19: Pegah NejatReference Models19BRM (cont ‘d) – sample piece of the hierarchy
اسلاید 20: Pegah NejatReference Models20Service Reference Modela business and performance-driven, functional framework that classifies Service Components with respect to how they support business and/or performance objectives. The model aids in recommending service capabilities to support the reuse of business components and services across the federal government.
اسلاید 21: Pegah NejatReference Models21SRM (cont ‘d)Service Domainprovide a high-level view of the services and capabilities that support enterprise and organizational processes and applicationsdifferentiated by their business-oriented capabilityService Typefurther categorize and define the capabilities of each DomainComponentprovide the “building blocks’ to deliver the Component capability to the businessa self contained business process or service with predetermined functionality that may be exposed through a business or technology interface.
اسلاید 22: Pegah NejatReference Models22SRM (cont ‘d)Customer Preferences Grouping shown below as an example
اسلاید 23: Pegah NejatReference Models23Technical Reference Modela component-driven, technical framework used to categorize the standards, specifications, and technologies that support and enable the delivery of service components and capabilities.
اسلاید 24: Pegah NejatReference Models24TRM (cont ‘d)
اسلاید 25: Pegah NejatReference Models25DRMintended to promote the common identification, use, and appropriate sharing of data/information across the federal government through its standardization of data in the following three areas:Data Context : define a standard approach for agencies to categorize their data , enable the business context of data to be well understoodSubject AreaSuper TypeData Sharing : define a standard message structure known as Information Exchange PackageData description : define a standard approach to describing an agency ‘s dataData ObjectData PropertyData Representation
اسلاید 26: Pegah NejatReference Models26An exampleAn organization within the federal government provides services which contribute to the health of citizens Business Area = Services for CitizensLoB (Line of Business) = HealthSubject Area = HealthSuper Type = immunizationData Object = vaccineData Property = type , weight , etcData Representation = plain text
اسلاید 27: Pegah NejatReference Models27How DRM is used to enable collaborationOrganization A uses the DRM to categorize its data (using the BRM) into a business context.Organization B identifies Organization A’s available data through its business context.Organization A uses the DRM to publish the detailed structure of the actual data element (in support of the business context).Organizations A and B determine if, in fact, the data produced by Organization A will meet the needs of Organization B.Once Organizations A and B determine that the data can be re-used, the information exchange package is used to transmit the data.
اسلاید 28: Pegah NejatReference Models28A reference Model for FEA Reference Model! (relationships between XRMs)The LoB represents organizations that have a common business or program interest.Subject Area = LoB from BRMSuper Type = Sub-function of LoB from BRMIn PRM: MALoBLoBLoBsub-functionsub-functionMeasurement GroupingMeasurement CategoryMeasurement Area
اسلاید 29: Pegah NejatReference Models29A reference Model for FEA Reference Model! (relationships between XRMs)(cont)TRM provides a framework for categorizing those technologies and standards that can be used to exchange and deliver service components (from SRM)DRM provides for a specific type of SOA in which there is no action , only exchange of information. Considering OASIS SOA :Information model is expressed using DRMThere exists no behavior model
اسلاید 30: Pegah NejatReference Models30A reference Model for FEA Reference Model! (relationships between XRMs)(cont)PRMBRMDRMTRMSOASRM
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