Echinacea

Echinacea

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: Echinacea Is the power in the potion or is the potion powerless?

اسلاید 3: Learner OutcomesStudents will be able to discuss the history and uses of EchinaceaStudents will be able to list the claims about EchinaceaStudents will be able to support or deny claims about Echinacea based on scientific evidenceStudents will be able to identify products containing Echinacea

اسلاید 4: What is it? A native plant to the central plains of Eastern North AmericaIt’s name comes from the Greek word echino, meaning hedgehogThere are three species: E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallidaIt grows on road banks, prairies, fields, and in dry, open woods

اسلاید 5: Echinacea HistoryIt’s use originated by the Plains Indians.They used it to treat insect bites, snake bites, toothaches, sore throat, wounds, mumps, smallpox, and measles.It became popular in Europe and America during the 1930’s as a folk medicine.

اسلاید 6: Claims & Common UsesClaimsThat it improves the immune system to help prevent and fight infectionsCommon UsesTo treat and prevent colds, flu, or other infectionsTo stimulate the immune system in order to help fight infections

اسلاید 7: Constituents of Echinacea Essential oilPolysaccharidesPolyacetylenesBetain GlycosideSesquiterpenesCarypohyleneCopperIronTannins ProteinFatty acidsVitamins A, C, and E.

اسلاید 8: Components of the Plant That are Thought to be BeneficialLarge polysaccharides (inulin) may increase the production of T-cells and increase other natural killer cell activityFat Soluable alkylamides and caffeic acid glycoside (echinacoside)

اسلاید 9: Theoretical BasisEchinacea boosts the immune system by increasing the levels of interferon, which may increase phagocytosis, cellular respiratory activity, and lymphocyte activation from the release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interferon beta-2.2.

اسلاید 10: Interferons (INF’s)Class of natural proteins produces by the cells of the immune systems of most animals in response to chanllenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. Interferons belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines.

اسلاید 11: Interferon EffectsThey generally have several effects: antiviral and antioncogenic properties, macrophage and natural killer lymphocyte activation, and enhancement of major histocompatibility complex glycoprotein classes I and II.

اسلاید 12: Macrophages Greek: for “big eaters”Are white blood cells, more specifically phagocytes, acting in the nonspecific defense as well as the specific defense system. Their role is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary of mobile cell.

اسلاید 13: Major Histocompatibility Complex It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.

اسلاید 14: Examples of Glycoprotiens Molecules such as antibodies (immunoglobulins), which interact directly with antigens Molecules of the major histocompatibility complex(or MHC), which are expressed on the surface of cells and interact with T-cells as part of the adaptive immune response.

اسلاید 15: Warnings & Side EffectsShould not be taken with auto-immune disorders such as: TB, leicosis, connective tissue disorders, collagenosis, lupus, and AIDS.Side effects are rare but include allergic reactions such as rashes and asthma.They usually occur in people allergic to related plants in the daisy family.

اسلاید 16: What does Consumer Lab have to say?5 products tested by consumer lab failed testsOne had significant lead contaminationFour products mislead consumers about the phenol content (Phenols are the plant chemicals used to judge the quality of Echinacea) 1 product claimed to have 3-4% total polyphenols and actually had .7%Other products contained less than 5%, 50%, and 75% of their claimed amount of phenols.

اسلاید 17: Products and FormsThe above ground parts and roots are made into teas, juices, extracts, or topical formsProducts include capsules, teas, and tinctures.

اسلاید 18: What Science Says?Article: Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold.Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was held. Involved 124 participants split into 2 groups. One group received 100 mg of Echinacea purpurea and the other group received a placebo. Both groups received doses 3 times a day until their cold was gone or until the end of 14 days. (1)

اسلاید 19: Article: Treatment of the common cold with unrefined Echinacea10 day randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled community-based trial was conducted.Trial evaluated encapsulated whole-plant Echinacea as a treatment for colds. 150 people participated and were split into two groups. One group received a placebo and the other group was given encapsulated Echinacea. Both groups took 4 capsules 3 times a day.The use of a 9-point scale survey was administered daily to determine the severity of the cold. (2)

اسلاید 20: ResultsIn both articles reviewed there were no findings that suggested Echinacea to be beneficial.The articles did not support claims made about Echinacea.In addition to these finding a scientific review evaluating nine other placebo-controlled studies found that Echinacea has little or no effect on treating colds. (3)All websites that provided information about Echinacea (NOT PRODUCTS) stated that it is not beneficial.

اسلاید 21: Conclusion Echinacea is not found to be beneficial at this time.Do not waste your money on Echinacea products.

اسلاید 22: Scientific ReferencesAdinoff, A. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 574-575.Barrett, P., B., Brown, L., R., Locken, K., & Maberry, R. Treatment of the common cold with unrefined Echinacea: A randomized, double-blind, placeb-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002; 137: 939-947.Kiligler, B. Echinacea. American Family Physician. 2003; 67: 77-81.Knight, V. Echinacea treatment for the common cold. Clinical Infectious Disease.

اسلاید 23: Useful WebsitesNational Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. nccam.nih.govWikipedia, the free encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EchinaceaHerbal Information Center. www.primary.net/~gic/herb/echin.htmConsumer Lab. www.consumerlab.com/results/echinacea.asp