Foundations of Physical Education and Sport
اسلاید 1: Chapter 6: Biomechanical Foundations of Physical Education and SportWhat is the value of biomechanics for physical education, exercise science, and sport?Explain the meaning of mechanical principles and concepts that relate to motion, stability, leverage, and force. How are these used in sport techniques and physical skills?
اسلاید 2: KinesiologyScientific study of human movementAnatomical and physiological elements that carry out movementsPurposes of kinesiologyMove safelyMove effectivelyMove efficiently
اسلاید 3: BiomechanicsThe application of the principles of mechanical physics to understand movements and actions of human bodies and sport implements.Kinesiology and biomechanics are intricately related.Principles of these two fields can be applied to the fields of biology, physiology, engineering, physical and occupational therapy, and medicine as well.
اسلاید 4: Historical DevelopmentBiomechanics emerged from physical education as a specialized are of study in the mid-1960s and 1970s.Kinesiology Era (late 1800s- early 1900s)Application of mechanics to the study of movementNils Posse: “The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics”Biomechanics Era (mid-20th century)Increased teaching, research and writingDevelopment of Biomechanics (1960s-present)Differentiation between kinesiology and biomechanics, and application of biomechanics to physical education and sport.
اسلاید 5: Professional Development1963: AAHPERD forms Kinesiology Section, and in 1993 became known as Biomechanics Academy1973: International Society of Biomechanics1976: American Society of Biomechanics1982: International Society for Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS)Journals1968: Journal of Biomechanics1985: Journal of Applied Biomechanics2002: Sports Biomechanics (ISBS)
اسلاید 6: United States Olympic CommitteeEncouraged the development of biomechanics for the improvement of elite athletes’ performances.Olympic Training Centers offer state-of-the-art care and technology for the testing and analysis of performance.
اسلاید 7: Reasons for Studying BiomechanicsBetter understanding of the human body and the various internal and external forces that affect movement.Offers scientific knowledge that can improve performanceTo improve sport techniques, equipment, and safetyTo design and conduct programs to enhance individual movement skills (Adapted PE)
اسلاید 8: Areas of SpecializationDevelopmental biomechanicsStudies movement patterns and how they change across the lifespan and varying disabilities.Biomechanics of exerciseTo maximize the benefits of exercise and reduce the chances of injury.Rehabilitation mechanicsStudy of the movement patterns of people who are injured or who have a disability.Equipment designIncreases in performance through the change of equipment.
اسلاید 9: Major Areas of StudyBiological aspects underlying human movementMechanicsStatics: Study of factors relating to nonmoving systems or those characterized by steady motion.Dynamics: Study of mechanical factors that relate to systems in motionKinematicsKinetics
اسلاید 10: Sample Research QuestionsHow do running motions change as children develop?How do forces summate to produce maximum power in the tennis serveHow can athletic shoes be designed to reduce injuries on artificial turf?What is the best body position for swimming the butterfly stroke?
اسلاید 11: Biomechanical TermsVelocity Speed and direction of the bodyAcceleration Change in velocity involving the speed or directionAngular velocity Angle that is rotated in a given unit of timeAngular accelerationChange of angular velocity for a unit of time
اسلاید 12: Biomechanical TermsMassAmount of matter possessed by an objectForceAny action that changes or tends to change the motion of an objectPressureRatio of force to the area over which force is applied
اسلاید 13: Biomechanical TermsGravityNatural force that pulls all objects toward the center of the earthCenter of gravityFriction Force that occurs when surfaces come in contact and results from the sliding of one surface on the other
اسلاید 14: Biomechanical TermsWork Force that is applied to a body through a distance and in direction of the forcePowerAmount of work accomplished in one unit of time
اسلاید 15: Biomechanical TermsEnergyCapacity of the body to perform workKinetic energyPotential energyTorqueTwisting, turning, or rotary force related to the production of angular acceleration
اسلاید 16: Mechanical Principle: StabilityThe lower the center of gravity to the base of support, the greater the stability.The nearer the center of gravity to the center of the base of support, the more stable the body.Stability can be increased by widening the base of support.
اسلاید 17: Mechanical Principle: MotionNewton’s First LawLaw of inertiaNewton’s Second LawLaw of AccelerationNewton’s Third LawLaw of Action and Reaction
اسلاید 18: MotionLinear MotionMovement in a straight line and from one point to another.Rotary motionMovement of a body around a center of rotation called an axis.
اسلاید 19: Mechanical Principle: LeverageLever - mechanical device used to produce a turning motion around a fixed point called an axis.Lever componentsFulcrum - center or axis of rotationForce arm - distance from the fulcrum to the point of application of the forceResistance arm - distance from the fulcrum to the weight on which the force is acting
اسلاید 20: LeversFirst class - fulcrum between the weight and the forceSecond class - weight is between the fulcrum and the forceThird class - force is between the fulcrum and the weight
اسلاید 21: Mechanical Principle: ForceThe effect that one body has on another.Production of ForceProduced by the actions of muscles. The stronger the muscles, the more force the body can produce.Application of ForceThe force of an object is most effective when it is applied in the direction that the object is to travel.Absorption of ForceThe impact of a force should be gradually reduced (“give with the force”) and spread over a large surface.
اسلاید 22: InstrumentsComputersSimulationCinematographyStroboscopyVideographyAnthropometryTiming devices ElectrogoniometryElectromyographyDynamographyTelemetry
اسلاید 23: Analysis Quantitative AnalysisProduced through the use of instruments.Qualitative Analysis (observation suggestions)Position yourself to see the critical components of the skill. Use multiple vantage points.Observe performance several times to identify consistent performance problems.Use the whole-part-whole observation method.Be sure to focus both on the performer and the implement.Evaluate the overall effectiveness of the movement.Use a performance checklist to guide your efforts.
اسلاید 24: The FutureTechnology will continue to drive the advancement of knowledge.Use of multidisciplinary teams will facilitate integration of data from various sources.Increased understanding of human movement will help professionals design solutions to remediate problems for people of all ages and abilities.More research on women and the elderly?
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