History of Medicine

History of Medicine

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: History of MedicneBody Systems

اسلاید 3: Medical TraditionsThroughout the world there are numerous strands of medical traditions however, we will focus on three.AyurvedaTraditional Chinese MedicineAfrican Medical Traditions

اسلاید 4: AyurvedaOriginates from IndiaComes from the words Ayus (life) and Veda (knowledge or science)The body has three main forces called DoshasYour health, character and appearance are inlfuenced by the dominant Doshas

اسلاید 5: Ayurveda as a TreatmentThe goal of ayurvedic medicine is to bring the Doshas into a balance.The pulse and the physical appearance can provide clues as to what is causing the imbalance.Some therapies are designed to purge symptoms (vomiting,enemas), other to smooth symptomsConcerned with preventing illness

اسلاید 6: Traditional Chinese MedicineWeather, spirits and the time of day can all affect you according to TCM.A cosmic energy force called qi (chi) connects everything in the universe and allows the surroundings to influence you.Qi must flow freely through the body to promote harmony.The qi is divided into ying and yang

اسلاید 7: TCM as a TherapyIllness is a symptom of an imbalance of ying and yangQi may be blocked, weak or imbalancedYing and yang influence appearance, pulse, sounds and smells of your bodyAcupuncture, drugs or moxibustion are common treatmentsDon´t have to be ill before treatment

اسلاید 8: African Traditional MedicineVaried throughout the continent, several similar featuresCommunity based, holistic approach to medicinePhysical and spiritual aspects are equally importantSome illnesses are related specifically to one or the other

اسلاید 9: ATMHealers might ask why you are ill, diviners with special powers might be asked to find the source of diseaseTreatments depend on the source of the problemMassage and herbalist remedies are commonCommunal song and dance are also prescribed frequently as remedies

اسلاید 10: Western Medical Traditions- Ancient GreeceHumourism- belief that the body is composed of four basic substances (4 humours) in harmony when the body is healthyBlack bile, yellow bile, phlegm and bloodTreatments include bleeding and application of hot cups

اسلاید 11: Andreas VesaliusPrior to Vesalius learning anatomy consisted of reading the texts of ancient Greek physiciansFirst to use hands on dissections to teach about anatomyInstead of digging up bodies in the dark he started to be allowed to do dissections on executed criminalsProduced fantastic diagrams based on human experimentation (Galen’s drawings were from apes)

اسلاید 12: De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the fabric of the human body)

اسلاید 13: De humani corporis fabrica

اسلاید 14: De Humani Corporis Fabrica

اسلاید 15: De Humani Corporis Fabrica

اسلاید 16: De Humani Corporis Fabrica

اسلاید 17: De Humani Corporis Fabrica

اسلاید 18: Ambroise ParePioneered many surgical treatments and specialized in the treatment of woundsUsed a mixture including turpentine to heal wounds (cleaned the wound)Used ligatures of arteries to reduce blood flow and slow bleeding

اسلاید 19: Ambroise PareUsed cauterization techniques prior to amputationHypothesized that phantom pain after amputation arose in the brainRevived the practice of podalic versiori to deliver babies not coming out safely

اسلاید 20: Bezoar Stone ExperimentThe Bezoar stone was reputed to be able to cure the effects of any poisonPare’s cook was caught steeling silverwareThe cook agreed to be poisoned to determine if the stone infact workedThe cook died days later proving that the Bezoar stone had no miraculous healing properties

اسلاید 21: William HarveyDescribed the process of blood being pumped around the body by the heartDiscovered how valves in the veins workPostulated that the circulatory system was closed and that the heart re-circulated throughout the bodyClashed with Galen’s concept that blood was created in the liver and that there were two types of blood

اسلاید 22: William HarveyTheorized that there are two separate loops of the circulatory system, one to the lungs and the other to the rest of the bodyCarried out dissections showing that embryos do not possess characteristics of adults

اسلاید 23: Science and MedicineScience, with its focus on observation and experimentation has lead to great advances in medicineThe following have all improved the efficacy of medicinal practice:Germ theoryBacteriologyChemical analysis Diagnostic technologiesDrug therapies

اسلاید 24: Germ TheoryThe source of disease and illness is biological stemming from virulent bacteria and virusesPrevention of disease by sanitation and vaccinationCure through anti-biotics

اسلاید 25: BacteriologyThe study of bacteria has yielded numerous anti-biotics and an understanding about the positive and negative roles they have

اسلاید 26: Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of body fluids can lead to a better understanding of how the body works and how diseases can be treated.

اسلاید 27: Diagnostic technologiesUltrasound, X-rays, Endoscopes, MRI and a number of other technologies can diagnose diseases easily and allow the practitioner to select an appropriate treatment.

اسلاید 28: Drug TherapiesUsing scientific experimentation a number of drugs have been developed for a wide array of disease