Ideas That Changed the World: The Great Schools, 600 BCE–100 CE

Ideas That Changed the World: The Great Schools, 600 BCE–100 CE

اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir

اسلاید 2: Ideas That Changed the World: The Great Schools, 600 BCE--100 CE

اسلاید 3: Review QuestionsWHAT is meant by the term axial age? WHAT WERE the main areas of axial-age thinking in Eurasia?WHAT WERE the most important religious and philosophical ideas that developed during the axial age?WHAT SIMILARITIES developed among Chinese, Greek, and Indian science and medicine during the axial age?HOW DID political pessimists differ from optimists in their ideas about human nature and the role of government?WHY WAS the axial age confined to such a limited area of the world?

اسلاید 4:

اسلاید 5: What factors contributed to the development of the Axial Age?Political fragmentation: China, Greece, IndiaNeed for new ideasEconomic basis: patronage, leisure, educationQuestioning of traditionMain areas of development: China, India, Greece, Southwest AsiaSurvival of existing written records in these areas Population growth, intensive economic development

اسلاید 6: Axial Age Regional Developments

اسلاید 7: Greece / Early PhilosophyDevelopment of rationalismAtomists: DemocritusPostulation of atoms, void, perishable nature of material worldParmenides: Everything is oneSocrates: “unexamined life isn’t worth living”Plato: belief in moral absolutesAristotle: categorization of everythingBreaking arguments down into syllogisms, equationsHippocrates: understanding of disease via observation, diagnosisFoundation of schools of thoughtSophists: emphasis on rhetoric, circular reasoningStoicism, Skepticsm

اسلاید 8: Greek thought spread widely across the Mediterranean region. Romans were deeply influenced by the philosophy of classical Greece. The Acropolis of Athens is recognizable in the background of this mosaic, preserved in the ruins of Pompeii, south of Naples in Italy. The columns and gardens recall what the setting of Plato’s Academy at Athens was really like.Academy of Athens

اسلاید 9: Temple of Artemis. In Heraclitus’s day, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, in what is today Turkey, served as a repository of books which citizens could consult.. The facade—the only surviving part of the library—is modeled not on a temple but on a Greek theater, where knowledge, wisdom, intellect, and virtue played like characters in a drama.

اسلاید 10: DelphiAround Mount Parnassus, north of Athens, Greeks had many shrines consecrated to Earth and Nature. One of the most important was the site of the Oracle at Delphi, where priestesses uttered prophecies. Nearby, the circular sanctum known as the Tholos was built in the fourth century B.C.E., at or near the place where the Greeks’ predecessors had located the navel of the Mother-Goddess or, as we might now say, the center of the Earth.

اسلاید 11: Erectheion, Athens: on the north side of Acropolis. Site of important religious rituals, and some of Athens most ancient sacred relics.

اسلاید 12: Greek Philosophical Schools

اسلاید 13: New Religious MovementsZoroastrianism: begins, spreads through Persian EmpireDualism: Good/Evil dichotomy, Ahura Mazda vs. AhrimanJudaism to ChristianityYahweh as basis for development of MonotheismRules for life: “the Law” / CovenantJesus, the Messiah and the importance of divine loveChristianity spreads through the Roman EmpireAggressive conversion efforts

اسلاید 14: Though persecuted almost to extinction in Iran, the land of its birth, Zoroastrianism survives among exiled communities, especially in India, the U.S., and Western Europe. Here Zoroastrian priests in London mark the New Year by kindling sacred light.Zoroastrians

اسلاید 15: Exile of the Jews. “The king of Assyria carried the Israelites away to Assyria.” This relief from the palace of the invading king seems to illustrate the scene described in the biblical Book of Kings (II.18:11), as soldiers take prisoners from the fortress of Lachish, which the Assyrians captured in 701 B.C.E. Relief, Israel, 10th-6th Century: Judean exiles carrying provisions. Detail of the Assyrian conquest of the Jewish fortified town of Lachish (battle 701 BC). Part of a relief from the palace of Sennacherib at Niniveh, Mesopotamia (Iraq). Erich Lessing/Art Resource, N.Y.

اسلاید 16: Divine love. “I am the good shepherd,” said Jesus, according to the Gospel of John (10:14), “and I lay down my life for my sheep.” During the persecutions that punctuated the first 300 years of the history of the Church, Christian artists interpreted the New Testament’s many texts about “straying” and “lost” sheep as metaphors for the souls of martyrs, whom Jesus gathered into his fold. The Good Shepherd, marble, height: as restored 99 cm, as perserved 55 cm, head 15.5 cm. Late 3rd century A. D. Vatican Museums, Pio-Christian Museum, Inv. 28590. Courtesy of the Vatican Museums.

اسلاید 17: Christian Symbols: third-century tombstone slab found in the catacombs of Rome. Inscribed with some of the earliest examples known of Christian symbols. The fish is a symbol of Christianity to this day. Ichthus, the Greek word for fish, is an acronym for the Greek words that mean Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour. The anchor, positioned between the two fish, had long been a symbol of safety among sailors.

اسلاید 18: India: Empire of the Spirit Migration into Ganges region: Combining beliefs of Aryan invaders, indigenous inhabitants Vedic language evolves into Sanskrit B. Central beliefs of Hinduism based upon Vedas: Hymns (Rig Veda is oldest, 1400 BCE) Brahmanas (commentaries) (1000 BCE) Upanishads (mystical speculations) (500 BCE) C. Brahmanism evolves into Hinduism, with main concepts: dharma: obeying religious and moral laws moksha: spiritual release, liberation from samsara (reincarnation) karma: actions/deeds create past, present and future experiencesmaya: illusion of reality; duality of consciousness/material worldBrahman—unchanging, infinite, transcendent reality (transpersonal) atman: one’s true self, the individual component of Brahman life cycles of individuals: 4 stages of life from student to ascetic

اسلاید 19: IndiaReactions to Brahmanism Jainism: Mahavira and the ascetic way of lifeNonviolence (Ahimsa) centrally importanceFocus on sanctity of all lifeBuddhism: Gautama SiddharthaIdeas are spread over trade routes, especially to ChinaNirvanaThree Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, SanghaFour Noble Truths: truth of nature of suffering, its origins, its cessation, and the way leading to cessation--Eightfold Path: right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration

اسلاید 20: The Buddha’s first sermon, depicted here in a relief of the late second or early third century C.E. The Buddha squats under a lotus tree, on a pedestal decorated with a prayer wheel. The attentive figures who stand on small pedestals among the onlookers who surround him are probably the patrons who commissioned this sculpture. Kushanese art—from the mountainous northwest of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan— combines influences from India, Persia, Greece, and China, demonstrating the vitality of cultural exchange across Eurasia. Scenes from the Life of Buddha, late 2nd-early 3rd century, Kushan dynasty, Stone. Courtesy of the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

اسلاید 21: The Buddha’s Footprints. This carved slab formed part of a Buddhist shrine in India. It depicts the Buddhapada, or footprints of the Buddha. Tradition holds that the Buddha’s feet were imprinted with 108 auspicious symbols. Elaborate cults developed around the Buddhapada, particularly in south and southeast Asia.

اسلاید 22: Ayurvedic medicine. This medical textbook, first published in 1593, and based on The Canon of Medicine written by the great Muslim scholar Avicenna early in the eleventh century, is still used by students at the Unani Medical College in Hyderabad, India. Ayurvedic treatments are usually herbal, although diet and exercise are also important remedies. The illustration and text shown here concern the muscles of the human body.

اسلاید 23: ChinaConfucianism: hierarchy, engagement with society, emphasis on virtue, learning, obedienceJunzi : gentleman of culture, integrity, educationDaoism: focus on the “path,” disengagement from society, emphasis on virtue, following natureLegalism: people inherently bad and that unquestioning obedience essential, belief in exemplary punishmentMozi and Xunzi: argued for universal love and that progress and freedom could create human goodness respectively

اسلاید 24: Figure 6.3 Network of Chinese Philosophers, 400-200 B.C.E Adapted from R. Collins, The Sociology of Philosophers (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998) p. 55.

اسلاید 25: Nature worship. This rare Daoist scroll, from about 1150 C.E. only a portion of which is reproduced here, depicts some of the feats of the “Eight Immortals,” the most famous characters in Daoist folklore. The serene landscape is typical of Daoist painting.Daoism

اسلاید 26: Today’s QuestionDoes the rise of fundamentalism threaten science? Consider That axial-age philosophy, religion, and science were closely interrelated and supportive of each otherThat science and fundamentalist religion have split decisively in the last two centuries, and that fundamentalism of all sorts is on the riseThat fundamentalist religion refuses to accept some scientific findings, such as evolutionary biology, and attempts to prevent others, such as stem cell research.Is scientific progress under threat of being severely hampered or brought to a halt by fundamentalism?