Surface Exploration of Mars: Past and Future
اسلاید 1: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang1Surface Exploration of Mars: Past & Future Martian Meteorites Martian Moons Martian Surface ExplorationThe Viking Landers (early 80s)Pathfinder (1997)Current Surface Explorers (three en route!)Future of Martian Exploration (“astrobiology”) Review of Mars
اسلاید 2: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang2What are these “meteorites”?Martian MeteoritesWhy aren’t they orange – the color of Mars surface?How did they get to Earth?How do we know these meteorites are from Mars?Martian datawithout goingthere!Unusual rocks found in AntarcticaAn impact on Mars (crater size: 10-100 km) ejectedpart of the Martian surfaceChemical composition does not match usual meteoritesOnly 1.3 billion yrs old (most asteroid-type meteoritesMUCH older); Higher content of volatile substancesHas to do with how the rocks weathered
اسلاید 3: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang3Case Study: Martian Rock ALH84001Mass = 1.9 kgIgneous RockDiscovered in Antarctica (easier to find) 1984Formed on Mars 4.5 Billion yr agoEjected ~16 Million yr agoLanded ~13,000 yr agoWhat DO they tell us? What DON’T they tell us? Physical processes on MarsCrust/core developed early in Solar System Volcanism until < 1 Billion Years ago Chemical compositionDifferent than normal asteroid (meteorite) comp.Interaction with waterMartian atmosphere composition Location of origin (on Mars – which part of surface?) Enough about Mars’ water & atmosphere Need to actually RETURN ROCKS from Mars!!
اسلاید 4: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang4Globules of carbonate minerals (the yellow-orange grains) are scattered along cracks in this small chip of ALH 84001. The rims contain iron oxides (including magnetite) and iron sulfides--incompatible minerals that on Earth would suggest microbial action Controversial – microbial presence in meteorites??Close up views reveal structure similar to Earth microbes?Astrobiology: exciting field of research – study of origin of life in the solar system,universe- LIFE IS UBIQUITOUS in the universe – we just haven’t found it- LIFE IS A SPECIAL quirk of nature and timing – very very rare!
اسلاید 5: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang5Phobos (20 km x 27 km)Comparison: Asteroid Eros (33 km x 13 km)Martian MoonsDeimos Two moons: Deimos, PhobosSmall (~20km) irregularly shaped Orbit Mars in 8hr, 30hr Probably captured asteroids
اسلاید 6: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang6Risks of Solar System MissionsPROS for Space MissionsClosest views of the planetsthat are possibleAccess to wavelengths that are unavailable on the groundAtmospheric effects gone – get clearer views than on EarthDevelopment of sophisticated tech. and researchCONS for Space MissionsCan not fix/test equipment as easilyLarge risk with rocket launchMuch much more costly! (although more costly for manned than unmanned)Lifetime is usually shorterUpgrades much more difficultRisks from UV radiation, cosmic rays
اسلاید 7: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang7Viking Landers 1 and 2 Viking 1 launched in August of 1975, Viking 2 launched in Sept. 1975 Vikings arrived at Mars in June, August of 1976 Orbiter + Lander – Orbiters alone weighed close to a ½ ton each – very expensive launch/rocket equipment !!- these days NASA’s mantra: “Faster Better Cheaper”
اسلاید 8: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang8Viking Lander Images of Mars’ Surface landing site chosen from Orbiter images – two different regions in Northern Lowlands revealed that the surface of Mars was littered with jagged rocks and fine dust everywhere rocks were probably result of crater-forming impact (“ejecta”) rocks resemble lava-rocks on Earth – lava flows broken up by impacts
اسلاید 9: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang9Viking Landers: Search for Life on Mars Science Instruments: chem lab to explore reactions of Mars rock with water (none detected) scoop arm with magnet – found that the soil was IRON-rich confined to study only one part of Martian surface – its landing site inspired NASA to propose formissions with MOVING surfacevehicles – Pathfinder 1997!
اسلاید 10: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang10Mars has a very thin atmosphere and no magnetosphere. If humans populated the Martian surface, what environmental problems will they be concerned about? Global Warming(2) Solar flare particles and ultraviolet radiation (3) Nitrogen poisoning (4) Lead contamination from volcanoes (5) Magnetic anomalies in the interior causing brain disorders
اسلاید 11: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang11Mars Pathfinder Mission – landed on Mars 4 July 1997Demonstration mission for“Faster Better Cheaper” NASA mantra used lightweight airbagsto land small, efficient roboticvehicle 10x as many images asprevious missions (computers) landed 500 miles from Vikings – flood plain area(volcanic rocks with silicon)
اسلاید 12: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang12Panoramic View from Mars’ Pathfinder’s Sojourner Rover
اسلاید 13: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang13ATHENA: MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS Opportunity & Spirit (or MER A and MER B) Launched in June and July of 2003 arrival at Mars – January 2004 Each Rover weighs 180 kg, is ~5 ft high surface exploration: travels 100m per dayRover
اسلاید 14: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang14ATHENA: MARS EXPLORATION ROVERMars Rover Entry Sequence
اسلاید 15: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang15cartoon of the “airbag” landing of the Mars Exploration Rovers on surface
اسلاید 16: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang16Choosing a site to land on MarsCan not just land anywhere – need to consider the safety of the vessel!- previous missions have landed in the northern lowlands
اسلاید 17: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang17Mars Landing Considerations terrain- altitude (impossible climbs, falls)- slopes (use too much energy)- rockiness (protect airbags) solar panel heating – keep rover operable dust- solar panels clear- RAT tool works more in thick dust
اسلاید 18: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang18Science Objectives of the MER mission Characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity – i.e. try to identify carbonates (indicate water-volcano cycles) Distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils near sites Determine geologic processes have shaped the local terrain Perform ground truth – calibration and validation –of surface observations made by Mars orbiter instruments.
اسلاید 19: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang19Mars Exploration Rover: Science InstrumentsPancam- Stereo cameraIR Spectrometer - rock compositionX-ray Spectrometer - soil and rock chemistryRAT - rock abrasion toolMicroscopic imager (search for fossils?)
اسلاید 20: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang20Landing Sites on Mars: 1. Gusev Crater - morphological- 15 degrees South of Mars’ equator- large crater feature with several ‘channels’ leading into it- water may have pooled in crater during first 2 billion years“channel”
اسلاید 21: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang21Landing Sites on Mars: 2. Meridiani Planum - mineralogical- 2 degrees South of Mars’ equator- other side of planet from Landing Site 1- place where hematite has been found (rust-like mineral) – indicates that it is a former dried lake bed
اسلاید 22: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang22Mars Express – European Effort
اسلاید 23: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang23MARS EXPRESSLaunched June 2003Radar instrument (MARSIS) built at University of Iowa (Prof. D. Gurnett, P.I.)other instruments, including a small rover called “Beagle 2”
اسلاید 24: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang24MARS EXPRESS: Radar Experiment Radar reflection signal of water is very different from rock Echoes can differentiate between rock and ice or water Radar transmitter operates at 1-2 MHz and penetrates ground to several km depth Probably cannot distinguish between CO2 and H20.
اسلاید 25: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang25
اسلاید 26: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang26Mars Surface Exploration – the Future!
اسلاید 27: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang27Mars Surface Exploration – the Future!
اسلاید 28: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang28Future Mars Exploration: “Scout Missions” lightweight/efficient ballons fleet of small aircraft to explore Mars develop new technology also SAMPLE RETURNS
اسلاید 29: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang29Martian Outpost: 2030
اسلاید 30: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang30
اسلاید 31: 8 Sept 2003Solar System - C. C. Lang31This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.comhttp://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.
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