Vibrio Cholerae
اسلاید 1: Melinda Nugent, Derek Park, Priya PerumalsamyApril 6, 2004Vibrio cholerae
اسلاید 2: IntroductionHistoryEpidemiology/Clinical ManifestationMolecular BiologyDiagnosis and TreatmentsWeaponizationVibrio cholerae
اسلاید 3: What is Cholera? Intestinal infection Severe diarrhea Caused by Cholera Toxin of bacterium, Vibrio cholera
اسلاید 4: Grows in salt and fresh waterCan survive and multiply in brackish water by infecting copepodsHas over 150 identified serotypes based on O-antigenOnly O1 and O139 are toxigenic and cause Cholera disease2 categories of O1 serotypes – Classical and El TorV. cholerae
اسلاید 5: A life-threatening secretory diarrhea induced by enterotoxin secreted by V. choleraeWater-borne illness caused by ingesting water/food contaminated by copepods infected by V. choleraeAn enterotoxic enteropathy (a non-invasive diarrheal disease)A major epidemic diseaseCholera
اسلاید 6: Transmitted by fecal-oral routeEndemic in areas of poor sanitation (India and Bangladesh )May persist in shellfish or plankton7 pandemics since 1817 – first 6 from Classical strains, 7th from El Tor1993: Cholera in Bengal caused by O139 – may be cause of 8th pandemicV. cholerae
اسلاید 7: IntroductionHistoryEpidemiology/Clinical ManifestationsMicrobiologyDiagnosis and TreatmentsWeaponizationVibrio cholerae
اسلاید 8: 500-400 BC: Sanskrit writings 500 BC: Hippocrates200 AD: Galen900 AD: Rhazes, Islamic physicianSanskrit, Arabic, and Chinese writings dating back 2,000 yearsAncient Texts Describe Cholera
اسلاید 9: Started in by Ganges in Calcutta - Kumbh festivalPolluted water, crowded camps10,000 in British army and hundreds of thousands of natives deadSpread by trade routes – Iran, Baku, Astrakhan, RussiaCold winter kept it from reaching western Europe1st Pandemic: 1817-1823
اسلاید 10: England’s attempt to control spread of infectious diseaseTried to prevent international movementEventually repealed (based on flawed scientific understanding)Quarantine Act of 1825
اسلاید 11: Bengal, Afghanistan, Asia, Moscow, England, USWilliam Brooke O’ShaughenessyIndustrial RevolutionEngland’s Cholera Prevention Act of 1832Entered US through NY and New Orleans ports – spread by railway and troop movement after Civil War2nd Pandemic: 1829-1852
اسلاید 12: Supernatural causesWrath of GodAstrological causesMisguided Notions
اسلاید 13: Caused by miasmaMisguided Notions
اسلاید 14: Prevented by alcoholCould be spread by contact with patient or patient’s clothesMisguided Notions
اسلاید 15: 1854: identified comma-shaped bacteriumNamed it Vibrio choleraeFilipo Pacini
اسلاید 16: Began in BengalBritain and Europe affectedDr. John SnowMapped cases to find causeBroad Street Pump3rd Pandemic: 1852-1859
اسلاید 17:
اسلاید 18: Map led Snow to believe that Broad Street pump was cause of outbreakThose affected drank from pumpSewage probably contaminated wellRemoval of pump handle - end of outbreakSkepticism about Snow’s findingsBroad Street Pump
اسلاید 19: Compared deaths from Cholera between 2 groupsGroup A: Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co. – 70 deaths per 10, 000 (London source of Thames)Group B: Lambeth Water Co. – 5 deaths per 10,000 (source upstream from LondonThe “Grand Experiment”
اسلاید 20: Massive public health reformsMuch smaller outbreak in 1866Result
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