پاورپوینت تاریخچه روانشناسی

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Psychology History & Perspectives 

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a ental ores Internal experiences such as sensations, dreams, thoughts, and feelings Any action that is observable and thus recordable. yl = Scene bea A specific way of asking and answering questions. 

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0? dopcuweuted psprkvolow ۳۳۲۳۲۲۱ ۸ @roravk @sawtik InP @yypt, % CO ٠ ‏لوا‎ civilization is older, Cypptivs or ‏موه عمط‎ * Gxperiwedt uttewpts to Ayu vut ukick vPtke Cloaguayes is the inode fooquaqe *How? Kidnapped 2 infants from a lower class mother. Not spoken a word. *Results Children first said “becos” a Phrygian word for 

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Life Before Psychology Philosophy asks questions about the mi * Does perception accurately reflect reality “| * How is sensation turned into perception‘ Problem - No “scientific” way ené Descartes : (1596-1650) of studying problems Physiology asks similar questions about the min redict what will happen OD Systematically observe events Do events support predictions 

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ounders John Locke (1600’s) "Experience shapes the mind "“Tabula Rasa” or blank slate Charles Darwin (mid-1800s) *His idea of natural selection says that nature chooses those characteristics or behaviors that best enable an organism to survive. *This helped explain why organisms behave the way Sg eal omen 

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Psychology Is Born t Experimental Psych Lab (1879) uses on the scientific study of the mi insists that Psych methods be as rigor s the methods of chemistry & physics. Wundt's students start labs across USA (1880-1900) University of Leipzig Harvard University Yale University Columbia University Catholic University Univ of Pennsylvania Cornell University Stanford University Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) 

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ay 7s Looking inward will show us ) ctu 7 Structuralism ( Introspection was a technique used in which subjects report in response to stimuli (red light). Introspection means to look inside oneself. If we can understand the building blocks of basic processes, we will be able to put it together to understand complex processes. Edward Titchener came to the U.S. and used Wundt’s approach. 

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Functionalism ‏الج‎ How do * William James, the first people American psychologist, felt i function that structuralism was too ~~ cy 2 limited. * Founded functionalism, which studied how complex mind processes evolve because of life preserving functions. * He studied not only observations, but how mental processes, emotions, and self- concept worked to influence behavior. 

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otructuralism vs Functionalism Structuralism lyze consciousness into basic elen and study how they are related Introspection - self-observation # of one’s own conscious experiences Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism vestigate the function, or purpose nsciousness rather than its struct Leaned toward applied work (natural surroundings) William. 

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Early Psychologists * Mary Calkins (1863-1930) was one of James’ students at Harvard. * She became the first woman to earn a PhD in Psychology at Harvard, but never received it. * She later became the 1* female President of the APA. Many Wurtox Cates 

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Different Perspectives in Psychology Psychoanalytic Psychology| Social-Cultural Psychology | 

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Freud & Psychoanalysis Proposes the idea of the UNCONSCIOUS Thoughts, ies & desires 660515115 : ‏ددع دع‎ 0 نه ”ده 11111161106 // behavior ‎us expressed in‏ ۸ ا ‎Sigmund F AB: of RP rongue”‏ ‎ue‏ مر ‎dreams)‏ ا 1 ‎Psychoanalytic Theokyattempts to explain‏ ‎personality=mehtal disord@rsiGamotivation in erms of unconscious determinants of BeHayvio ‎ ‎ 

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Psychology (pre-1920) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) ysiologist & Perceptual Psychologi: “ounder of Psychology as a Science Edward Titchner (1867-1927) Student of Wundt Formed ¥ at Cornell William James (1842-1910) Philosopher & Psychologist Formed W at Harvard 

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Behaviorism Scientific Psychology should focus on bservable behavior not ۵۱ Mental Processes cannot be studied directly John Watson Psych = the Science of ۱ ‏ا‎ Behavior Stimulus Response Psychology 

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Behaviorist Perspective * Ivan Pavlov used _ conditioning of gq? is dogs to show that = behavior is learned. ‏ريه‎ ۰ The dogs were conditioned to salivate when a tone was sounded. 

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Psychology (1920s-1960s) Psychology B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Behaviorism with a Twist The PIGEON & The Skinner Box 

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Behavioral/Clinical Perspective 1S we learn from observable responses. to best study, assess and treat troubled peo aple Issues »w do we learn to fear particular objects or situatic 1at is the most effective way to alter certain behavi 1at are the underlying causes of: O Anxiety Disorders O Phobic Disorders O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders 

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Biological Perspective * Our behavior is a result of our physiological processes and biological development. ¢ Study psychological effects of genes, hormones, activity of the nervous system and the brain. 

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Biological Perspective us vy the body and brain create emotions, memo sensory experiences. mple Issues low do evolution and heredity influence behavior? low are messages transmitted within the body? [ow is blood chemistry linked with moods and moti 

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Cognitive Psychology Cognition the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing & using information Cognitive Psychologists return to the study of learning, memory, language, Ny vy evelopment & problem solvingiWZ! Noam Chomsky Advent of computers (late 1950s) “language provides a new model for thinking about the 

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Cognitive Psychology 1960s-1990s) Psychology <= Cognitive ¥ 1 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) The Dynamic Unconscious Minc Psychoanalysis 

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Cognitive example Shoe Sandwich Fruit Blouse Pants Potato Soup Skirt 

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Cognitive Example Count backward from 100 by threes. Write down the list of words from before. ShoeSandwich Blouse — Fruit Pants Potato Skirt Soup Did you categorized them? This is a basic finding of cognitive psychologists. 

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Cognitive Perspective ample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasonin¢ How do our senses govern the nature of perceptio1 (Is what you see really what you get?) How much do infants “know” when they are born? 

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Social-Cultural Perspective cus w behavior and thinking vary across situatic 1 cultures. ple Issues w are we, as members of different races and nalities, alike as members of one human family? w do we differ, as products of different social cont 1y do people sometimes act differently in groups th alone? 

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Behavior is Shaped by Culture sone Space &— Value of © Education Punctuality ۸ ۶ 6 Norms > 

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Influence of Heredity & Environment : 2 Nature versus Nurture 

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Humanistic Perspective This perspective emphasizes the unique qualities of humans. Free will, self-concept, and self-fulfillment are emphasized. People are naturally positive and growth seeking. Ex. - desire for love, self-esteem, acceptance, etc. 

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The Biopsychosocial model Biopsychosocial Interactions Social ا ۰ Takes into account all of the perspectives. Views biological processes (genes, brain functions, etc.) psychological factors (learning, thinking, emotion, etc.) and social forces (family, school, culture, etc.) as interrelated influences. 

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Work In Psychology (?) Universities & Colleges 27.2% Independent Practice 33.1% Hospitals, ues linics, etc. 22.3% 

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Specialties In Psychology General/Quantitative 3.6% Cognitive/Physio 5.2% 1/0 5.7% Clinical, Community Counseling 51.1% Social/ Developmenta. 6.4% Ed & Schoo 19.4% 

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Assessment What was Wundt’s technique of asking subjects to respond to stimuli? Who developed the theory of natural selection that influences how we behave? James’ school of thought that stressed how the whole process of behavior works? Who was the first female president of the APA? Who was the founder of Psychodynamics? What perspective focuses on the person’s perspective of the world? What perspective draws the other perspectives together? Which perspective studies genetics and the brain? What perspective focuses on the processing of information? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) What perspective focuses on the whole picture?