صفحه 1:
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Orkwiord Goiewes Resuerck Orcter
صفحه 2:
صفحه 3:
CESS Sone Macomb EL Sir oS) Steels ir ory
پزشك مراجعه کرده است .مشکل خانواده اعتیاد مرد به ترياك است.
زن جوان اشك ریزان خواهان تجویز داروهاتي است که همسرش بتواند با كمك
ا Pp eB Sees <n SPR 0 ل
ماده مصرف نكند. به حد افراط از مكانيسم انكار و ريز نمائي مشكل استفاده مي
كند.
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ج -شروع مسموميت زدائي باهدف كمك به خانواده واين واقعيت كه اكر انها
بروند- ممکن است هرگز بر نگردند
د -به همسر بیمار مي گوئیم به شوهرش اعتماد کند ومشکل در حد اعتیاد
صفحه 4:
آیا اعتیاد واقعا درمان پذیر است؟
آيا اين درمان سريع و آسان است؟
درمان آسان اعتیاد در 6۳0 ساعت
بدون درد با ايجاد بيزاري؟؟
مسموميت زدائيت درمان ؟؟
پرهیز, درمان؟؟
صفحه 5:
CAV ye \ 2
ایجاد انگیزه -آغاز پرهیز
©- مسموميت زدائي
2 ادامه برهيز و آغاز درمان ١ صلي :شروع
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عادات ونكرش به زندكي
صفحه 6:
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Been om er Re sea
بنا بر اين استفاده از مواد افيوني وبنزو ديازيين ها استثنا است ونه قاعده
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صفحه 7:
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صفحه 8:
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صفحه 10:
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صفحه 11:
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صفحه 12:
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صفحه 13:
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صفحه 14:
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صفحه 15:
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صفحه 16:
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صفحه 17:
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صفحه 18:
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صفحه 19:
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صفحه 20:
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صفحه 21:
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صفحه 22:
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صفحه 23:
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صفحه 24:
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صفحه 25:
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صفحه 26:
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صفحه 27:
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صفحه 28:
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Detoxification
Dr Gholam Reza Kheirabadi
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Behavioral Sciences Resaerch Center
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
kheirabadi@bsrc.mui.ac.ir
Detoxification
( Medically supervised
withdrawal)
-opioid Agents for treating opioid withdrawal.
(Methadone, buprenorphine , LAAM & Tramadol)
-Non opioid Approach for Detoxification.
(clonidine & lofexidine)
مردي ميان سال – كارمند يك شركت دولتي وزن 76كيلو -با همسرش به روان
پزشك مراجعه كرده است .مشكل خانواده اعتياد مرد به ترياك است.
زن جوان اشك ريزان خواهان تجويز داروهائي است كه همسرش بتواند با كمك
آنها ترك اعتياد كند .مرد مي گويد مشكل چنداني ندارد .هروقت بخواهد مي تواند
ماده مصرف نكند .به حد افراط از مكانيسم انكار و ريز نمائي مشكل استفاده مي
كند.
توصيه شما چيست؟
الف -موكول كردن شروع درمان به زماني كه معتاد انگيزه كافي پيداكند.
ب –انجام مصاحبه انگيزشي
ج –شروع مسموميت زدائي باهدف كمك به خانواده واين واقعيت كه اگر انها
بروند -ممكن است هرگز بر نگردند
د –به همسر بيمار مي گوئيم به شوهرش اعتماد كند ومشكل در حد اعتياد
نيست.
آيا اعتياد واقعا درمان پذير است؟
آيا اين درمان سريع و آسان است؟
درمان آسان اعتياد در 48ساعت
بدون درد با ايجاد بيزاري؟؟
مسموميت زدائي= درمان ؟؟
= درمان؟؟
پرهيز
مراحل درمان وابستگي مواد:
-1ايجاد انگيزه –آغاز پرهيز
-2مسموميت زدائي
-3ادامه پرهيز و آغاز درمان ا صلي :شروع
روان درماني شركت در گروه هاي خودياري (معتادين
گمنام) تغيير سبك زندگي – تغيرات شخصيتي –تغيير
عادات ونگرش به زندگي
اصل اول در درمان وابستگي مواد :انفرادي كردن
Individualization
:از مواد اعتياد آور استفاده نكنيد.
اصل دوم
بنا بر اين استفاده از مواد افيوني وبنزو ديازپين ها استثنا است ونه قاعده
كدام روش براي كدام بيمار؟
روش ها
-1روش سنگاپور
-2كلونيدين +آمي تريپ تيلن
-3متادون و ديگر آگونيست هاي مواد افيوني
Outpatient Treatment Program
• Initial stabilization up to cessation of illicit opioids( initial
period of abstinence).
• Gradual dose reduction(3%/week is
Superior to 10%/week reduction).
• Timetable is superior to free reduction.
• More gradual reduction= more successfulness )
• More supervision after 20-30mg/day of methadon
Inpatient Treatment Program
• Initial stabilization fore 24-48 hours( up to 60
mg).
• 10-20% reduction of methadone/day(or
5mg/day)
• Close supervision & supportive resources
• Termination with in 7-10 days
MEHTADONE
• Stabilization on Methadone:
-Initial dose:
A:10-20mg→ if withdrawal persist → Repeat the
dose( 2 hours later ) [ no more than 40mg during
first day].
B: Calculation of equivalent withdrawal suppressing dose
of methadone?
(Methadone is 3time potent than morphine).
C: Add 10mg/2-3day or week( different for outpatient
V.S inpatient detoxification?)
up to final stabilization(more gradual and upper final dose
in outpatient setting).
Buprenorphine:
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction:
developed in 1970
Agonist-antagonist( or partial agonist)? analgesic.
Low dependency
Substitution of heroin and morphine with lower
withdrawal symptoms
• Significant drug of abuse (IV injection form)
• Favorable for detoxification and maintenance therapy
Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics
• HL: 48-72 hours.
• Partial µ agonist (pure agonist in lower doses)
• Weak Ќ antagonist (agonist-antagonist in higher doses)
• Safe and little chance of lethal doses
• Ceiling effect and safety:
=8-12 mg →maximum clinical effect
=↑8-12mg(16-32mg) →:
-no increase of clinical effect and side effect
-increase duration of clinical effect (suitable for maintenance
therapy)
Drug forms
• Solution: buprenorphine + alcohol
• Tablet:( 2 & 8mg) buprenorphine only (subutex)
• Tablet:(2 & 8mg) buprenorphine + naloxone (4/1)
(subuxone)…superiority?
• Injection form?
• 4 mg of sublingual tablet=40 mg methadone
• 8 mg of sublingual tablet=50-60 mg methadone
Protocol: outpatient Setting Protocol
• Initial dose:2-8 mg( first dose withdrawal)
• Stabilization of patient next days(2-4mg/day up
to 8-32mg)
• Stabilization for 24-48 hours( or more)
• Decreasing 2mg of drug/ days- week.
Protocol: Inpatient Setting
8mg of Buprenorphine on the first
day and 2mg/day reduction on the next
days.
Tramadol
• Mechanism: serotonin & nor-epinphrin reuptake
inhibitor(Parent compound) + µ agonist(metabolize
compound-desmethyltramadol).
• Withdrawal control with200-400mg for modest
and 600 mg for sever withdrawal)
• Seizure in high doses CNS suppressant Using
with B.Z & seretonergic syndrome with SSRI.
2
α2 Agonists
- Clonidine
-Lofexidine (Less Hypotensive)
Mechanism & Sideffects
• It has specificity towards the presynaptic alpha-2
receptors in the vasomotor center in the brainstem. This
binding decreases presynaptic calcium levels, and inhibits
the release of norepinephrine (NE). The net effect is
a decrease in sympathetic tone
• This drug may cause drowsiness, lightheadedness,
dry mouth, dizziness, or constipation. Clonidine may also
cause hypotension. It can also cause inhibition of
orgasm in women
Clonidine
• Patient stabilized on low dose of opioids (30 – 40
Methadone/ day).
• starting dose 0/1 – 0/3.
*Maximum dose (1/mg/day) In outpatient & 1.52.0mg/day In hospitalized patients.
*Adjusting Dose based On Hypotension & sedation.
Contraindication: acute or chronic cardiac disease,
Renal & metabolic disease, Hypotension).
Clonidine
• More effective in:
•
•
•
•
=stabilization on Methadone.
=good Relationship with therapist.
Effective in suppressing of : Sweating, cramps,
nusea, vomiting and diarrhea
Ineffective In suppressing of (Muscle aches –
Lethargy – Insomnia – restlessness and Craving).
Non – effective on relapse after complete detoxification.
Facilitation of detoxification of Methadone Maintained
patients & subsequent stabilization on naltrexone.
• Escitalopram is associated with reductions in pain
severity and pain interference in opioid dependent
patients with depressive symptoms
Rapid & Ultrarapid detoxification
•
•
•
•
Naloxone + clonidine
Naloxone + clonidine + sedatives
Naltrexon + clonidine and/ or sedatives
Full Anesthesia For 3-4 hours.
other techniques
* Symptomatic treatments (Healthy & Motivated).
• Abrupt withdrawal withought Intervention.
* Abrupt withdrawal with Emotional support
• Acupuncture
• Herbal Medication
Opioid Dependence Treatment in
Special Populations
• Criminal Justice Patients
• Pregnant Women
• Health professionals
• Psychiatric Patients
• HIV-positives & hepatitis-c positives
Opioid Dependence Treatment in
Special Populations
=Criminal Justice Patients
*Opium use and criminal activity:
-This relation is complex and reciprocal.
-There is no direct relation between opioid use and
criminal behavior( except in withdrawal periods for
……... ) .
*Opium dependents in justice system:
-Direct coercion to treatment
-Incarceration and opium dependence
Opioid Dependence Treatment in
Special Populations
=Pregnant Women:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Poor prenatal care
Low birth weight
Elevated risk of morbidity & mortality
No teratogenicity reported
Cautious detoxification( before 14 & after 32 weeks)
Methadone in pregnancy( dose adjustment).
Buprenorphine in pregnancy.
• Health professionals:
Opioid Dependence Treatment in
Psychiatric Patients
=Mood Disorders:
-Mood disorders as most prevalent disorders among opium dependence.
-Routine Vs selected antidepressant administration.
-Opium treatment program and control of depressive symptoms.
= Bipolar Disorder and opium dependence:
-Management principles…………………..
- Drug interactions( carbamazepine & methadone).
-MMT & Bipolar Disorder.
=Anxiety Disorders: comorbidity and principles of drug treatments.
Opioid Dependence Treatment in
Psychiatric Patients
=Psychotic Disorders:
-comorbidity of psychotic disorders and opium dependence
- Antimanic & antipsychotic effects of opioids (Methadone)
=Alcohol Abuse:
-Comorbidity of Opioid and alcohol abuse( up to 50%)
-Balance of Alcohol & Opioid use
-Disulfiram & Methadone
-naltreoxone with dual benefits.
=Nicotine dependence in opium users
=Polysubstance abuse:
-more psycopathology than single users and poor outcme
-more suitable for maintenance program
-more suitable for TC or NA groups
Hiv positves
• Only 33% of study participants received concurrent treatment for MI and
SA,
• CONCLUSION: Among adults with HIV/AIDS and co-occurring MH
and SA disorders, utilization of MH and SA services needs to be
improved.
• The available evidence strongly suggests the need for the large-scale
implementation of comprehensive treatment and care strategies for IDUs that
include both treatment of drug dependence and HAART.
• highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART).
• injecting drug users (IDUs)
•
Improving treatment adherence in drug abusers who are HIV-positive.