مهندسی ژنتیک

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In Tne Name Of GOD 

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Introduction to Genetic Eng A gene is a fundamental , physical and functional unit heredity. It is responsible for the physical & inheritable characteristics of an organi, : ‏الجر‎ ‏را کات‎ 

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* Any process by which genetic material is changed in such a way as to make possible of the production of new substances or new functions. 

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History: * The term ‘’ Genetic Engineering was first coined by Jack Willia in his science fiction novel. * James Watson & Francis Cric showed that the DNA molec} has a double-helix structure} 

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* In 1972, Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecule by combining DNA from the mon virus SV40 with that of the lamb! * In 1973, Herbert Boyer & Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an E.coli bacterium. 

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* The first trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the UAE in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistatant to herbicides. 

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Process: =a ۵ Step 2 

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Cutting DNA: 2 3 ‏ين‎ enzyme CORI) 

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21 Recombinant DNA production: 85 Sticky end Sticky end Recombinant DNA | Ligation 

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21 Screening: 

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DNA Extraction: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF DNA 

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Transgene A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. Resident Photosynthetic Enzyme Gene New Transgene Inserts 

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* The Flavr Savr tomato was a tomato engineered to have a longer she ( * In 1995, Bt Potato was approved safe by Environmental Prote Agency. 1 

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* Bt-Cotton is a genetically modified cotton which is res to pests. * Golden Rice genetically mod to contain beta-carotene (a source of Vitamin A) 

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١ * Transgenic fruit obtained fro pear & apple. & * A Blue Rose is genetically modified Rose. 

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Xx 5 Transgenic ones صرح 1 

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organs grow, how cancer and develops without dis: the Frog. 

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** The GloFish was the first geneti Modified animal to become av. as a pet. It is a natural Zebra which has genetic information bioluminescent jellyfish added its DNA. 

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Using Modern DNA & cross fertilizing techniques; 1 is a cross between a lion and a dog. the Dolic 

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Dolly: The Sheep ‘Adonor cells taken from a sheep's udder, Donor _Nucleus ey ‘These two cells are fused using an electric shock. "ex al atm ofthe @ egg cells remove ‏هي‎ istaken The fused cell ‘ror an adult female sheep. 9 ‏كت‎ ction ‏اسه نيه‎ Cloned imal Embryo The: The embryo is placed ‏ین‎ in the uterus of afoster into aleni>—Doly mother, 

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* Dolly the sheep is the world most famous clone. * Dolly was born in 5 July 199 to three mothers (one provided the egg, another & DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term). 

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The se is a cross between a zebra and domestic horse. The crosses were orig done in England and to try to produce a domestic horse like that was resistant to disease spread by a in Africa. 

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2 MEDICINE: aA Vaccination generally involve 7 Se injecting weak live, killed or ۳ 2 inactivated forms of viruses a or their toxins into the perso being immunized. Gene therapy is the genetic engineering of humans by replacing defective human g with functional copies. 

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Agriculture: prevent early exhaustion of ۲۰ Reduce post harvest los . Improved nutritional qual . Better Nitrogen Fixation. . Disease resistant. . Enhanced efficiency of mineral used by plants to Benefits of genetically modifg plants: BWNR ۳