(Anatomy and Physiology (Chapter 15 Special Senses: The ear and eye

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Anatomy and SSD Sixth Edition Lecturer: Dr. D. Fisher واناع 01لا ‎PLU‏ "Gee Power(Port ‘koae Ohler Por ‏یو‎ oad kbbee pre-heeried kis Power Pod wake cies. 

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15-2 Auditory ossicles in the middle ear ٠ External ear: Hearing; terminates at eardrum * Middle ear: Hearing; contains auditory ossicles ¢ Inner ear: Hearing and balance; interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chambers 

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The Ear * Middle ear ~ Auditory or eustachian tube * Opens into pharynx, equalizes pressure * Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes: transmit vibrations * Oval window ¢ External ear - Auricle or pinna: elastic cartilage - External auditory meatus + Lined with hairs and ceruminous glands - Tympanic membrane * Vibrated by sound waves 

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Inner Ear ‎Labyrinth‏ ¢ ان ‎Bony labyrinth - Bony‏ ‎it * Cochlea: Hearing‏ 1 لس ویب ‎* Vestibule: Balance ‎* Semicircular canals: Balance ‎- Membranous * -Lymphs - Endolymph ‎+ In membranous labyrinth ‎Periosteum — Membranous 9 (boundary of _ labyrinth - Perilymph ‎bony labyrinth) ‎ ‎+ Space between membranous and bony labyrinth ‎15-4 

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Structure of Cochlea مه دمحا شوه رومیت ههلا نی ریت ‎Periosteum of bone ‘Scala vestibuli‏ ‎(inner lining of bony labyrinth) (filled with perilymph)‏ Vestibular membrane Tectorial membrane ‘Cochlear duct (filled Vestibule i with endolymph) Oval window lamina Spiral ligament Cochlea’ Cochlear. Basilar membrane ‘Scala tympani (filled Round window ganglion with perilymph) (a Helicotrema (>) Cochlear duct Vestibular membrane — Tectorial membrane Microvilli Cochlear nerve Spiral lamina membrane ‘Spiral ligament Hair cell Nerve endings of Supporting cells cochlear nerve Hair cell ‘Spiral organ 0 15-5 

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Auditory Function One cycle Higher با 0۲۷۳8( سس ‎‘Com- Less com- _Com- amplitude‏ ‎pressed pressed pressed‏ 2۲ ۶۱۱ 7۱ g ۱۳1 Wer ‏و‎ ‎2 ‎Tuning | a fom Nt 4 Less compressed air Com- 2 Amplitude (volume) — 5 ‘Sound wave Time 0 Time * Vibrations produce sound waves - Volume or loudness : Function of wave amplitude - Pitch: Function of wave frequency - Timbre: Resonance quality or overtones of sound 15-6 

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Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures Gopi ©The Noor i Congr Fervent eosin a dopa Tympanic membrane Space between External bony labyrinth and auditor, membranous 4 labyrinth (contains perilymph) Scala vesti ۱ ‘Scala tympani I cochlear duct ©] (contains endolymph) Vestibular membrane Mem- 8 branous Basilar labyrinth membrane. Tectorial Auditory membrane tube Spiral organ 15-7 

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CNS Pathways for Hearing Conant Ta medi Auditory cortex 4 1 1 Auditory Medial 1 7 cortex geniculate / : nucleus Nerve to 5 5 tensor ۱۷۳۵۵ ‏ص‎ 2 Inferior 2 colliculus a Superior olivary 6 / nucleus Cochlear 6۱ Cochlear |‘ Nerve to stapedius ganglion nucleus 15a 

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Balance ٠ - movements of head ~ 3 semicircular canals + Ampulla - Crista ampullaris - Cupula: endolymph moves when head moves * Static - Evaluates position of head relative to gravity ~ Detects linear acceleration and deceleration - Utricle and saccule * Maculae: Consist of hairs embedded in gelatinous mass containing otoliths 

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15-10 Structure of the Macula — Stereoci ia (microvilli) Gelatinous matrix Kinocilium (otolithic membrane) Otoliths ) Utricular macula fl : Saccular Vestibule macula (a) macula vestibular ۳5 of fibers of nerve 

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Vestibule in Maintaining all Alance Copy © The Mec Condens, Pele eres wenedicton ‏ی‎ denny, ~ /Endolympbh in utricle Gelatinous matrix Hair cell Macula “_ Supporting cell Vestibular nerve fibers Force of gravity 15-11 

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Semicircular Canals Endolymph caus: movement of cupula Cupula Endolymph in semicircular canal Vestibular nerve Hair cell sta ampullaris Crista Crista ampullaris ampullaris Movement of Nerve fibers to ‘semicircular canal (©) vestibular nerve > with body movement 15-12 

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CNS Pathways for Vestibular Posterior / area ventral 1 1 من ااعمعوع 6 ‎Oculomotor‏ > Vestibular. 5 nucleus nerve 6 i > Trochlear motor 7 nucleus ‘abducens motor | [| nucleus Vestibular | ۱ ۱ ۰ ‏أع 3 ۵۱۵و اباطناعع۷‎ ganglion MeN Spinovestibular tract Vestibular 15-13 

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Ear Disorders ¢ Tinnitus ~ Ringing, clicking, whistling in ear due to disorders in middle or inner ear * Motion sickness ~ Dysfunctions caused by stimulation of semicircular canals during motion * Otitis Media ~ Infections in the middle ear * Earache - Results from otitis media, dental abscesses, TMJ pain 

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Anatomy of the Eye Conjunctiva Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber. ° Three coats or tunics ~ Fibrous: Consists of sclera and cornea - Vascular: Consists of choroid, ciliary body, iris - Nervous: Consists of retina 15-15, 

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Anatomy of the Eye Retina: Inner - Contains neurons sensitive to light - Macula lutea or fovea centralis: Area of greatest visual acuity - Optic disc: Blind spot Compartments - Anterior: Aqueous humor ~ Posterior: Vitreous humor Lens - Held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary muscles - Transparent, biconvex * Fibrous tunic: Outer ~ Sclera: White outer layer, maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with cornea Cornea: Avascular, transparent, allows light to enter eye and bends and refracts light * Vascular tunic: Middle ~ Iris: Controls light entering pupil; smooth muscle - Ciliary muscles: Control lens shape; smooth muscle 

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Functions of the Complete Eye ¢ Eye functions like a camera * Iris allows light into eye * Lens, cornea, humors focus light onto retina * Light striking retina is converted into action potentials relayed to brain 15-17 

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Lateral canthus Inferior palpebra (corner) (eyelid) * Visible light: Portion of electromagnetic spectrum detected by human eye * Refraction: Bending of light ight striking a concave surface Light striking a convex surface * Focal point: Point where light rays converge and cross 15-18 

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Focus and Accommodation ¢ Emmetropia: Normal resting condition of lens ¢ Far vision: 20 feet or more from eye ۰ Near vision: Closer than 20 feet - Accommodation ~ Pupil constriction - Convergence 15-19 

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The Retina aaa * Provides black Pigmentcot Dackdrop for aa increasing visual meer" acuity ‎Sensory retina and‏ * موق ‎ ‎sensory ‎retina Jp) | Bipolar layer pigmented retina 55 {nner plexiform ‏اه‎ : yer ‏ا ور‎ * ‏و يي موسوم‎ - Rods: Noncolor vision ontienerve + Rhodopsin reduction: ‏شاعنا‎ Light adaptation * Rhodopsin production: Dark adaptation ‎- Cones: Color vision ‎15-20 

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Sensory Receptor Cells ‎apy‏ مایا ‎Mew Hl Cangas, Peden urd‏ ۵ وت ‎Disc ‎Folding of outer membrane to form discs ‎Nat ‎(c) Outside Extracellular channel of disc ‎membrane plug Rhodopsin ‎Disc ‎membrane| ‎(transducin) ‎(b) “Cone (d) Inside of disc membrane ‎ ‎15-21 

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Rhodopsin Cycle Copy ©The HeGrawHl Comal. ne: Femi enue rreseducton olay, I-cis-retinal 67 ۰ (dark configuration) Rhodopsin: oan ‏اف‎ section Nm All-trans-retinal Opsin (light configuration) md saul Cross section (G protein) inactive Transducin (G protein) active 7 7 channels close © Cell ‏محم‎ ‎1 All-trans-retinal 6 یا 15-22 Energy (ATP) 

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Rod Cell Hvnernolarization Rod cell Atyperpolerizaion Rhodopsin (unstimulated) (q) TE 7 Clight configuration) Rhodopsin //Gated ean Na’ channel configuration) open (dark configuration) 2 Gated Na* channel closed (light configuration) Transducin Transducin ® _ (Gprotein) inactive © (G protein) active =— Glutamate is Rod cell lutamate continuously —(hyper- release decreases @ released polarized) 5 Bipoler cell inhibited (cy Bipolar cell no longer inhibited 15-23 

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Visual Pathways ‎ese.‏ ی و ‎Hl Compan, ne Paes aque‏ ها ۵ وروت ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎Left visual field ‏لو ا‎ Temporal jasal parts ‏اه‎ ‎part of left Nasal part ray Visual fields visual of eft visual pert'of left »- Temporal ۹" 58 ‏ع ادم 7 ۱ ۲۵0۵ اصوانا‎ right Left eye Nasal retina Optic | visual field yemporal (medial pert) : Optic chiasm (lateral half) Oxg P pee — ‏تیب سم‎ Optic tracts Optic nerve “Qe “KOntic tracts ray Optic 1 or Lateral radiations Superior: J geniculate geniculate colliculi ‏ون زان‎ nuclei of Optic thalamus thalamus — Visual radiations > Visual cortex 5 (OS cortex (a) ‏(ه)‎ Occipital lobe ‎Binocular ‎Left monocular. Right monocular ‎(c) ‎15-24 

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Eye Disorders Retinal detachment - Can result in complete blindness Glaucoma - Increased intraocular pressure by aqueous humor buildup Cataract - Clouding of lens Macular degeneration - Common in older people, loss in acute vision Diabetes - Dysfunction of peripheral circulation Myopia: Nearsightedness ~ Focal point too near lens, image focused in front of retina Hyperopia: Farsightedness ~ Image focused behind retina Presbyopia ~ Degeneration of accommodation, corrected by reading glasses Astigmatism: Cornea or lens not uniformly curved Strabismus: Lack of parallelism of light paths through eyes 

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Effects of Aging on the Special Senses * Slight loss in ability to detect odors * Decreased sense of taste ¢ Lenses of eyes lose flexibility * Development of cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy * Decline in visual acuity and color perception 15-26 

Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition Lecturer: Dr. D. Fisher Chapter 15 Special Senses: The ear and eye *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 15-1 The Ear • External ear: Hearing; terminates at eardrum • Middle ear: Hearing; contains auditory ossicles • Inner ear: Hearing and balance; interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels and chambers 15-2 The Ear • External ear – Auricle or pinna: elastic cartilage – External auditory meatus • Lined with hairs and ceruminous glands – Tympanic membrane • Vibrated by sound waves • Middle ear – Auditory or eustachian tube • Opens into pharynx, equalizes pressure • Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes: transmit vibrations • Oval window 15-3 Inner Ear • Labyrinth – Bony • Cochlea: Hearing • Vestibule: Balance • Semicircular canals: Balance – Membranous • -Lymphs – Endolymph • In membranous labyrinth – Perilymph • Space between membranous and bony labyrinth 15-4 Structure of Cochlea 15-5 Auditory Function • Vibrations produce sound waves – Volume or loudness : Function of wave amplitude – Pitch: Function of wave frequency – Timbre: Resonance quality or overtones of sound 15-6 Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures 15-7 CNS Pathways for Hearing 15-8 Balance • Static – Evaluates position of head relative to gravity – Detects linear acceleration and deceleration – Utricle and saccule • Maculae: Consist of hairs embedded in gelatinous mass containing otoliths • Kinetic – Evaluates movements of head – 3 semicircular canals • Ampulla – Crista ampullaris – Cupula: endolymph moves when head moves 15-9 Structure of the Macula 15-10 Vestibule in Maintaining Balance 15-11 Semicircular Canals 15-12 CNS Pathways for Balance 15-13 Ear Disorders • Tinnitus – Ringing, clicking, whistling in ear due to disorders in middle or inner ear • Motion sickness – Dysfunctions caused by stimulation of semicircular canals during motion • Otitis Media – Infections in the middle ear • Earache – Results from otitis media, dental abscesses, TMJ pain 15-14 Anatomy of the Eye • Three coats or tunics – Fibrous: Consists of sclera and cornea – Vascular: Consists of choroid, ciliary body, iris – Nervous: Consists of retina 15-15 Anatomy of the Eye • Fibrous tunic: Outer – Sclera: White outer layer, maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with cornea – Cornea: Avascular, transparent, allows light to enter eye and bends and refracts light • Vascular tunic: Middle – Iris: Controls light entering pupil; smooth muscle – Ciliary muscles: Control lens shape; smooth muscle • Retina: Inner – Contains neurons sensitive to light – Macula lutea or fovea centralis: Area of greatest visual acuity – Optic disc: Blind spot • Compartments – Anterior: Aqueous humor – Posterior: Vitreous humor • Lens – Held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary muscles – Transparent, biconvex 15-16 Functions of the Complete Eye • Eye functions like a camera • Iris allows light into eye • Lens, cornea, humors focus light onto retina • Light striking retina is converted into action potentials relayed to brain 15-17 Light • Visible light: Portion of electromagnetic spectrum detected by human eye • Refraction: Bending of light – Divergence: Light striking a concave surface – Convergence: Light striking a convex surface • Focal point: Point where light rays converge and cross 15-18 Focus and Accommodation • Emmetropia: Normal resting condition of lens • Far vision: 20 feet or more from eye • Near vision: Closer than 20 feet – Accommodation – Pupil constriction – Convergence 15-19 The Retina • Provides black backdrop for increasing visual acuity • Sensory retina and pigmented retina • Photoreceptors – Rods: Noncolor vision • Rhodopsin reduction: Light adaptation • Rhodopsin production: Dark adaptation – Cones: Color vision 15-20 Sensory Receptor Cells 15-21 Rhodopsin Cycle 15-22 Rod Cell Hyperpolarization 15-23 Visual Pathways 15-24 Eye Disorders • Myopia: Nearsightedness – Focal point too near lens, image focused in front of retina • Hyperopia: Farsightedness – Image focused behind retina • Presbyopia – Degeneration of accommodation, corrected by reading glasses • Astigmatism: Cornea or lens not uniformly curved • Strabismus: Lack of parallelism of light paths through eyes • Retinal detachment – Can result in complete blindness • Glaucoma – Increased intraocular pressure by aqueous humor buildup • Cataract – Clouding of lens • Macular degeneration – Common in older people, loss in acute vision • Diabetes – Dysfunction of peripheral circulation 15-25 Effects of Aging on the Special Senses • Slight loss in ability to detect odors • Decreased sense of taste • Lenses of eyes lose flexibility • Development of cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy • Decline in visual acuity and color perception 15-26