Decision-Making Processes
اسلاید 1: 1Chapter ElevenDecision-Making Processes
اسلاید 2: 2 Today’s Business EnvironmentNew strategiesReengineeringRestructuringMergers/AcquisitionsDownsizingNew product/market development. . . Etc.
اسلاید 3: 3Decisions Made Within the OrganizationComplex, emotionally charged issuesMore rapid decisionsLess certain environmentLess clarity about means/outcomesRequires more cooperation
اسلاید 4: 4A New Decision-Making ProcessRequired becauseno one person has enough info to make all major decisionsNo one person has enough time and credibility to convince manyRelies less on hard dataGuided by powerful coalitionPermits trial and error approach
اسلاید 5: 5INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING Steps in the Rational Approach to Decision-MakingIDENTIFICATIONPROBLEMPROBLEMSOLUTIONMonitorDecisionEnvironmentImplementChosenAlternativeDefineDecisionProblemSpecify DecisionObjectivesDiagnoseProblemDevelopAlternativeSolutionsEvaluateAlternativesChooseBestAlternative12345678
اسلاید 6: 6Organizational Decisional making ModelsManagement Science Approach (The SABRE Group)Carnegie Model (Encyclopedia Britannica)Incremental Decision Process Model (Gillette)Learning OrganizationGarbage Can Model (Casablanca)Contingency Decision-Making FrameworkGroup Activity
اسلاید 7: 7Choice Processes in the Carnegie ModelHold joint discussionand interpret goals and problemsShare opinionsEstablish problem prioritiesObtain social supportfor problem, solutionAdopt the firstalternativethat is acceptableto the coalitionConduct a simple,local searchUse established procedures ifappropriateCreate a solutionif neededManagers havediverse goals,opinions, values,experienceInformation is limitedManagers havemany constraints UncertaintyCoalition FormationSearchSatisficingConflict
اسلاید 8: 8The Incremental Decision Process ModelEvery step characterized by decision interruptsIdentification PhaseRecognitionDiagnosisDevelopment PhaseSearchScreenDesignSelection PhaseJudgment (evaluation – choice)Analysis (evaluation)Bargaining (evaluation – choice)Authorization
اسلاید 9: 9Learning Organization Decision Process When Problem Identification and Problem Solution Are UncertainWhen problem identification isUncertain, Carnegie model appliesPolitical and social process isNeededBuild coalition, seek agreement,And resolve conflict about goalsAnd problem prioritiesWhen problem solution is uncertain, Incremental process model appliesIncremental, trial-and-errorProcess Is neededSolve big problems in little stepsRecycle and try again when blockedPROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONPROBLEM SOLUTION
اسلاید 10: 10CertainUncertainContingency Framework for Using Decision ModelsProblemConsensusIndividual: Rational Approach ComputationOrganization: Management ScienceIndividual: Bargaining, Coalition FormationOrganization: Carnegie ModelIndividual: Judgment Trial-and-errorOrganization: Incremental Decision Process ModelIndividual: Bargaining and Judgment Inspiration and ImitationOrganization: Carnegie and Incremental Decision Process Models, evolving to Garbage CanSolutionKnowledgeCertainUncertain4213
اسلاید 11: 11Special Decision CircumstancesHigh-Velocity EnvironmentsDecision Mistakes and LearningEscalating Commitment
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