Evaluation
اسلاید 1: OutlineDefinitions of Research/EvaluationPurposes of Evaluation / ResearchScience and Scientific ManagementResearch/Evaluation as ProcessTypes of Research / Evaluation
اسلاید 2: DefinitionsEvaluation = Process of judging the merit or worth of somethingResearch application of scientific methods to answer questionscontrolled inquiry directed at increasing knowledge/establishing truthEvaluation Research - combine the two
اسلاید 3: Research EvaluationEvaluation Research
اسلاید 4: Why Evaluate - the Academic listTo assess merits of alternative programsTo discover whether & how well objectives are being fulfilledTo determine the reasons for successes & failures.To uncover the principles underlying a successful program.To refine, revise, update or track a program
اسلاید 5: Why Evaluate- The Real List1. Because we are required to2. To make better decisions.3. To learn from experience4. To justify programs5. To kill programs
اسلاید 6: Purposes of ResearchAnswer management questions - applied researchFor sake of knowing - pure or basic researchAnswer research questions - methodologicalDevelop/test management alternatives - developmental researchAssess worth or merit of programs - evaluation research
اسلاید 7: Research Purposes - IIExploratoryDescriptiveExplanatoryPredictive
اسلاید 8: Ways of Knowing or Establishing belief or truthTraditionAuthorityRepetition/TenacityScience
اسلاید 9: ScienceBody of KnowledgesystematicabstractgeneralparsimoniousMethod of Inquirylogicalinductiondeductionself-correctiveempirical
اسلاید 10: Scientific ManagementApplication of scientific principles to management and decision makingsystematic information gatheringempirical, objective, self-corrective
اسلاید 11: Process -- StepsResearchdefine problemobjectives/hypothesesliterature reviewresearch methodsgather data/analysisconclusionsEvaluationdescribe programevaluation criteriaprogram scopingevaluation methodsgather data/analysisconclusions
اسلاید 12: Types of Evaluation by Program Stageformative (conceptualization/design)]process (implementation)summative (outcomes, impacts, efficiency)
اسلاید 13: Types - By ApproachStandardsnorm-basedcriterion-referencedGoals and objectivesImpacts or effects
اسلاید 14: Types- by methodQualitative - quantitativeSecondary data - PrimarySurvey - ExperimentInternal vs externalWho - Peers, participants, superiors, subordinates, scientists
اسلاید 15: Evaluation CriteriaEffort - qnty and qlty of inputsPerformance - qnty and qlty of outputsAdequacy - meet needs?Efficiency - benefits/costsEquity - distributional issues, fairness
اسلاید 16: Process EvaluationIdentifies how and why program worksattributes recipientsconditionseffectssingle or multipleintended or side effectstiming & duration, long/short termcognitive, affective or behavioral
اسلاید 17: Types by program area/subareaEmphasis: Parks, Tourism, Interp, Program Mgmt, Commercial Rec, ...Program : lands, facilities, personnel, budget, marketing, PR, maintenance, design, policies, plans
اسلاید 18: Types of ResearchBasic - AppliedExploratory, Descriptive, Explanatory, PredictiveIn-house / out- houseby discipline - sociological, psych, economicsby topic - boating, wilderness, legal, tourism, ...by method - survey, expmt, ...
اسلاید 19: Examples of Evaluation StudiesCommunity needs assessmentFeasibility study, SWOT analysisProgram Audits, Market auditCost/benefit anaysisImpact assessmentPPBS, MBO, GPRA, CAPRA, LAC, ... Peer review Importance-performance analysi
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