صفحه 1:
*
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صفحه 2:
Medicinal Plants
Reading: Textbook, |
Chapter 11 Ng
‘i 4 2 9
صفحه 3:
Margarine - made from fats
- originally from animal fats
- white in color, so yellow dye added to create
appearance of butter
Advantage: Stores better than butter
Dairy Industry - fought against use of
margarine
- Taxes
- Regulations against sale; against use of dyes
Wisconsin - prohibited sale of colored
margarine- Repealed 1967; + heavy tax on
uncolored (white) margarine (people would buy
and mix their own coloring agent)
صفحه 4:
Quiz
صفحه 5:
Quiz
1.Name two of the four major vegetable oil
crops.
2.Name a medicinal plant, and tell what
medicine is obtained from it and a disease it is
used to treat
3.What does soap have to do with vegetable oil?
صفحه 6:
History - Highlights
2500 BC - Sumerian use of opium popp 0 11.2, p.
صفحه 7:
History - Highlights
2500 BC - Sumerian use of opium popp 0 11.2, p.
1770 BC - Code of Hammurabi in Babylon -
mentions plants
صفحه 8:
History - Highlights
2500 BC - Sumerian use of opium pens >: |
1770 BC - Code of Hammurabi in Babylon -
mentions plants
1550 BC - Ebers papyrus in Egypt - 700+ medicinal
formulas
صفحه 9:
History - Highlights
2500 BC - Sumerian use of opium pens >: |
1770 BC - Code of Hammurabi in Babylon -
mentions plants
1550 BC - Ebers papyrus in Egypt - 700+ medicinal
formulas
400 BC - Hippocrates (Greece) - “Father of
Medicine”
300 BC - Theophrastus, Botanical Gardens in
Athens
صفحه 10:
History - Highlights
2500 BC - Sumerian use of opium popp ۳ 11.2, ۰
1770 BC - Code of Hammurabi in Babylon -
mentions plants
1550 BC - Ebers papyrus in Egypt - 700+ medicinal
formulas
400 BC - Hippocrates (Greece) - “Father of
Medicine”
300 BC - Theophrastus, Botanid
Athens
77 AD - Dioscorides, De Materij
صفحه 11:
History - Highlights
2500 BC - Sumerian use of opium pens >: |
1770 BC - Code of Hammurabi in Babylon -
mentions plants
1550 BC - Ebers papyrus in Egypt - 700+ medicinal
formulas
400 BC - Hippocrates (Greece) - “Father of
Medicine”
صفحه 12:
History - Highlights II
1500 AD - Age of herbalism, Paracelsus - Doctrine of
Signatures
صفحه 13:
History - Highlights II
1500 AD - Age of herbalism, Paracelsus - Doctrine of
Signatures
صفحه 14:
History - Highlights II
1500 AD - Age of herbalism, Paracelsus - Doctrine of
Signatures
1775 AD - Dr. William Withering - Foxglove extracts
1900 AD - Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still
derived directly from plants
صفحه 15:
History - Highlights II
1500 AD - Age of herbalism, Paracelsus - Doctrine of
Signatures
1775 AD - Dr. William Withering - Foxglove extracts
1900 AD - Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still
derived directly from plants
1900s - advent of “scientific medicine”
صفحه 16:
History - Highlights II
1500 AD - Age of herbalism, Paracelsus - Doctrine of
Signatures
1775 AD - Dr. William Withering - Foxglove extracts
1900 AD - Half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia still
derived directly from plants
1900s - advent of “scientific medicine”
1 NGCAM
National Center for Complementary
and Alternative Medicine
The National institutes of Health
صفحه 17:
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
صفحه 18:
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
صفحه 19:
Plant-Derived Medicines
Major Classes of Compounds:
1. Steroids
2. Alkaloids
Useful terms:
“Secondary Compound”
“Glycoside”
صفحه 20:
Steroids - Chemistry
Fig: 11.5;'p:
eit
4 Steroid ring system
صفحه 21:
Steroids - Chemistry
HO.
holest
4 Steroid ring system 5 (Cholesterol)
صفحه 22:
Steroids - Chemistry
OT gi
cholic wid (eee) Cortisens onentnaraton و0 tenn اممو
صفحه 23:
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring
structure
Fig: 11.7; 'p:
272
صفحه 24:
Alkaloids - Chemistry
. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring
structure
. Physiologically active on vertebrate
systems
صفحه 25:
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring
structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate
systems
> Diverse. |. 1 55
Hs
1
Goniine (1) Nicotine @)
صفحه 26:
Alkaloids - Chemistry
1. Organic compound, with N, usually in ring
structure
2. Physiologically active on vertebrate
systems
> Diverse. |. 1 55
1 کمن oO
0
Goniine (1) Nicotine @)
lOO a
بط
Reserpine Vinbastine Strychnine
4, “come
صفحه 27:
Examples of Plant
Medicine
276
1900 - over half of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia
from plants
2001 - about 25% of drugs in U.S. Pharmacopeia
from plants, but many synthetic compounds are
based on plant-produced structures, or start with
plant materials
Anasthetics, analgesics, heart medicines,
laxatives, muscle relaxants etc.
صفحه 28:
Chaulmoogra Oil -
Hydnocarpus
Leprosy - bacterial disease, affects sensitive
individuals
ingredient -
seed oil
Now
replaced
with
و یی
antibiotics
صفحه 29:
Malaria - Cinchona
Malaria - caused by
protozoan
cinchona = = ‘eal 5
Bark”
صفحه 30:
Cinchona - “bark of Peru”; ”yellow bark”
About 40 species - Andean area of South America
صفحه 31:
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) - used willow bark to treat
pain
صفحه 32:
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) - used willow bark to treat
pain
1897 - Bayer Co. (Germal
14,
صفحه 33:
Salix - Aspirin
Hippocrates (Greece) - used willow bark to treat
pain
1897 - Bayer Co. (Ge
7 4,
صفحه 34:
Dioscorea steroids
Wild Yam - convenient
source for steroidal
saponins which can be
converted into synthetic
hormones for use in
contracep ig. 11.13,p
277
Diosgenin Detiydropreguenol one acctate Eragesterone
صفحه 35:
Papaver Alkaloids
صفحه 36:
۲2۱۶41 ا نتنا د ل١ل] - تالا
child for plant-derived
۳ ——medicipe
tHective کح وو تسیل
lymphomas (Hodgkin’s
disease)
۷۵ ان
Vinbiastine
صفحه 37:
New Drug Development
average to develop a new drug in U.S. - $231 million/12 years
-> many not developed, if patent protection not available, or if market not
assured
Comparison:
Germany - "reasonable certainty" of safety and
effectiveness
U.S. - “absolute proof"
-> some modern herbal preparations coming from Europe,
sold as dietary supplements in U.S.
Examples: St. John's Wort, Echinacea, Gingko
صفحه 38:
Looking for new drugs - General parameters:
1 in 10,000 chemicals screened -> new drug
product
Development of new drug in U.S. - 12 years/$231
million (average)
Many drugs/diseases - not pursued because of lack
of profitability
صفحه 39:
Development of Phy 906 - Phytoceutica
Herbal medicine
Based on Chinese Traditional Medicine
Mixture of herbs: scutellaria (skullcap),
glycyrrhiza (licorice), ziziphus (jujube), Paeonia
(peony)
Application: treat nausea and pain associated
with cancer chemotherapy regimes
Initial results: not only effective against side
effects, but also appears to increase efficacy of
chemotherapy for certain cancers
صفحه 40:
Problems in Development of Rain Forest Drugs
International Agreements
(1) Discovery
- by pharmaceutical companies
- preceded by traditional healers
Who discovered/Who should benefit financially?
(2) Ownership - seeds, genes, chemicals
cycle:
Gene poor country, has scientific expertise
-> Gene rich country, has genetic diversity but lacks science
-> development of chemical by gene poor country
-> now sell back to gene rich/economically poor country
صفحه 41:
SSS a تا
Psychoactive and Poisonous
nts
Reading: Textbook,
Chapter 12