XENOTRANSPLANTATION(انتقال عضو یا بافت از حیوان به انسان)

XENOTRANSPLANTATION(انتقال عضو یا بافت از حیوان به انسان)

اسلاید 1: Xenotransplantation

اسلاید 2: Cell transplants – replacing damaged or destroyed cells in diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease Bridging transplants – providing organ function externally to patients with organ failure.Organ transplants – replacing diseased organs, such as heart, lungs, liver, pancrease and kidneys.Tissue transplants – skin grafts, cornea transplants or bone transplants.Xenotransplantation1

اسلاید 3: 6/7/2020ADD A FOOTER31902Reconnecting blood vessels for organ transplants1944Immune system causes transplant rejection1954First successful human to human transplantBaboon kidney transplant19631995Baboon to human bone marrow transplant for HIV1997Worldwide ban on all xenotransplantation2007–2017Clinical trials of pig cell transplants continue2019Xenotransplantation in Asia2

اسلاید 4: Where is xenotransplantation research taking place? 4

اسلاید 5: REQUIREMENTS FOR SELECTION OF ANIMAL SOURCESknown pathogens of humans (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rabies virus)known pathogens of immunocompromised human hosts (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella spp.)microbes similar to those recognized to be pathogens of transplant recipients (e.g., porcine cytomegalovirus and adenovirus)viruses with high a capacity for recombination (e.g., parvovirus and rotavirus) 5

اسلاید 6: Animal organ donors and xenogenic organsXenogenic organs1)Heart 2)kidney 3)Liver 4)Lungs5

اسلاید 7: Non-human primates, such as chimpanzees and baboons, were originally used as xenotransplant donors, but concerns about spread of infectious disease and ethical issues have now stopped their use. Most researchers are now using pigs as donors because:they are easy to breed and have large litterspig organs are a similar size to human organsrisk of infectious diseases is lower than in non-human primatespigs are already killed for food, so using pigs may raise fewer ethical concerns than non-human primates.Choosing the donor speciesPotential porcine endogenous retrovirus activation Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is a retrovirus found in the DNA of all pigs. The virus is normally in an inactive proviral form, but can potentially produce mature viral particles infectious for other species. PERV infection is a risk of pig to human transplants6