Medicine in primitive society
اسلاید 1: www.tabaye.ir
اسلاید 2: History of medicine as a science, its subject of studying. Medicine in primitive society (3 million – 5000 B. C.)
اسلاید 3: PLAN1. Introduction to History of Medicine.2. Stages in the Development of Medicine3. Medicine of Primitive Society.
اسلاید 4: History of medicine is divided into general which studies development of medical knowledges in human society on the whole, and special, development of separate industries of medicine — therapy, surgery and other lights up in which Teaching of the special history of medicine is usually carried out the proper departments of types. As development of medicine depends on the level of development of productive forces and character of relations of productions, in basis of exposition of general history of medicine dividing is fixed by epoches and periods, accepted in general history. Though, clearly, here is not and can not be a complete chronologic coincidence.
اسلاید 5: Stages in the Development of MedicineMedicine of the Primitive SocietyMedicine of the Ancient WorldMedicine of the Middle AgesRenaissance MedicineEarly Modern MedicineMedicine in the 20th Century
اسلاید 6: Development of Medicine is influenced by:Material conditionsProductive forces developmentPhilosophy and world outlook
اسلاید 7: Sources for Studying History of Medicine:Life of existing prehistoric (aboriginal) societiesWritten Evidence (manuscripts, printed sources, papyri, ceramics)Archaeology and Examination of ArtefactsMultimedia evidenceEthnographic sources (customs, traditions, songs, etc.)
اسلاید 8: Elements of systems of medicineMagic and ReligionFolk remediesElementary surgery
اسلاید 9: Elements of systems of medicineMagic and ReligionIncantationsDancingMagic charmsTalismansVarious other measures
اسلاید 10: Elements of systems of medicineFolk remediesPotionsHerbsRootsBerriesFruits
اسلاید 11: Surgical Procedures practiced in ancient societiesCleaning and treating wounds by cautery (burning or searing tissue), poultices, and sutures.Trepanation.Resetting dislocations and fractures.Using splints to support or immobilize broken bones.Laxatives and enemas to treat constipation and other digestive ills.Narcotic and stimulating plant extracts (digitalis, a heart stimulant extracted from foxglove).
اسلاید 12: Prehistoric ProcedureSetting of Bones, Fractures and Dislocations
اسلاید 13: Prehistoric ProcedureTreating Burns
اسلاید 14: Prehistoric ProcedureDelivering Babies
اسلاید 15: Prehistoric ProcedureTrephining, a remedy for demons, insanity, epilepsy, and headache.
اسلاید 16: Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although muchmay be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of early man, it is difficult to reconstruct his mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that humans, as soon as they had reached the stage of reasoning, discovered, by the process of trial and error, which plants might be used as foods, which of them werepoisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value. Folk medicine or domestic medicine, consisting largely in the use of vegetable products, or herbs, originated in this fashion and still persists.
اسلاید 17: Archaeologists and anthropologists who study prehistoric man and primitive tribes tell us human societies have always had special individuals, both men and women, who took the job of healer and were responsible for preventing illness and curing the sick and injured. These shaman almost always held multiple roles as healers, magicians, rulers, or priests.
اسلاید 18: Primitive medicine men learned how to splint, but probably not set, bone fractures. They also frequently performed a type of brain surgery that we today call trephination. Trephination was done by using stone instruments to bore or grind holes in the skull. Researchers do not know if the procedure was done to relieve demon spirits, treat skull fractures, or remove bone splinters. It is possible that trephination was done at different times for all of these reasons.
اسلاید 19: Prehistoric ProcedureTrephining
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اسلاید 21: Trepanation of the skull operationIn addition to magic, spells, prayers, and charms, shaman and healers often used signature, or symbolic, items to treat their patients. These signature treatments included things like drinking the blood of a warrior to increase strength or eating leaves shaped like body organs to cure a disease. Sometimes, through chance, these signatures worked. When they did, the medicine men, or shamans, would pass the information to the next generation of priests. Digitalis, morphine, quinine, and ephedrine are all modern medicines that have been passed down to us from prehistoric signature practice.
اسلاید 22: One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to five centimetres across, in the skull of the victim—the practice of trepanning, or trephining. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France, and other parts of Europe and in Peru. Many of them show evidence of healing and, presumably, of the patients survival. The practice still exists among primitive people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct.
اسلاید 23: Magic and religion played a large part in the medicine of prehistoric or primitive man. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or “medicine men,” were witch doctors or sorcerers. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin.
اسلاید 24: Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, the folklore of medicine is probably the most ancient aspect of the art of healing, for primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Treatments and medicines that produced no physical effects on the body could nevertheless make a patient feel better when both medicine man and patient believed in their efficacy. This so-called placebo effect is applicable even in modern clinical medicine.
اسلاید 25: Trepanation of the skull operation
اسلاید 26: Bronze knife for trepanation of the skull decorated with images of trepanation, found in Hamburg
اسلاید 27: Skulls of ancient people who went through trepanation of the skull (regeneration of edges of trepanation openings). Copenhagen
اسلاید 28: Skull of ancient man who died during trepanation of the skull (openings without regeneration signs)
اسلاید 29: A scarred skull demonstrates evidence of trephination, a surgical technique in which holes were drilled in the patient’s skull to relieve intracranial pressure caused by head trauma. (Israel Antiquities Authority)
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اسلاید 32: HerbalismThere is no actual record of when the use of plants for medicinal purposes first started, although the first generally accepted use of plants as healing agents were depicted in the cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves in France, which have been Radiocarbon dated to between 13,000 - 25,000 BCE.Over time and with trial and error, a small base of knowledge was acquired within early tribal communities. As this knowledge base expanded over the generations, tribal culture developed into specialized areas. These specialized jobs became what are now known as healers or shamans.
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اسلاید 34: Shamanism refers to a range of traditional beliefs and practices similar to animism that claim the ability to diagnose and cure human suffering and, in some societies, the ability to cause suffering. This is believed to be accomplished by traversing the axis mundi and forming a special relationship with, or gaining control over, spirits. Shamans have been credited with the ability to control the weather, divination, the interpretation of dreams, astral projection, and traveling to upper and lower worlds. Shamanistic traditions have existed throughout the world since prehistoric times.
اسلاید 35: Some anthropologists and religion scholars define a shaman as an intermediary between the natural and spiritual world, who travels between worlds in a state of trance. Once in the spirit world, the shaman would commune with the spirits for assistance in healing, hunting or weather management. Ripinsky-Naxon describes shamans as, “People who have a strong interest in their surrounding environment and the society of which they are a part.”
اسلاید 36: Other anthropologists critique the term shamanism, arguing that it is a culturally specific word and institution and that by expanding it to fit any healer from any traditional society it produces a false unity between these cultures and creates a false idea of an initial human religion predating all others. However, others say that these anthropologists simply fail to recognize the commonalities between otherwise diverse traditional societies.
اسلاید 37: Archaeology and ArtefactsCave Drawing
اسلاید 38: Medical Equipment used by Aboriginal People
اسلاید 39: Thigh osteosis of primitive man from Java island. Oldest example of human pathology.
اسلاید 40: Sacral mask used in ceremony of “banishing ancestors’ spirits”. Sri Lanka
اسلاید 41: Burial ceremony in a “flower tribe”
اسلاید 42: Paleolithic Venus
اسلاید 43: Totem of tribe
اسلاید 44: Sacred animals of tribes
اسلاید 45: Sacred animals of tribes
اسلاید 46: This gilded bronze ear was presented to the Asklepion at Pergamum by a woman named Fabia Secunda, who had in made “for the god Asklepios because the ear was healed in a dream.”
اسلاید 47: This first-century A.D. relief of a leg was dedicated by a man named Tycheas as “a thank-offering to Asklepios and Hygeia” at the Asklepion on the island of Melos, Greece. Bridgeman Art Library
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اسلاید 49: A 2.5 millimeter bronze wire (indicated by an arrow) in this tooth’s canal is evidence of early dentistry. Discovered in a mass grave at Horvat En Ziq, a small Nabatean fortress in the northern Negev desert in Israel, the incisor contains one of the earliest known fillings, dating to about 200 B.C.E. (Israel Antiquities Authority)
اسلاید 50: This array of bronze surgical instruments, from a private collection in Jerusalem, dates from 40 B.C.E. to 400 C.E. and includes spoons used to scrape out wounds (lower right), a forked probe (among the spoons), knife and scalpel handles (center, their iron blades have disintegrated), spatula probes for working in wounds (lower left), forceps (upper left), hooks used to hold the skin back (left of center), and cyathisconele, cupped tools used to clean wounds (top center). (Zev Radovan)
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اسلاید 57: Problems with Studying Prehistoric MedicineArchaeology and Examination of ArtefactsCompare with existing prehistoric societiesAboriginal societiesNo written EvidenceHow can we overcome this problem?
اسلاید 58: Nomadic LifestyleCould be Surprisingly HealthyFit and Active lifestyleEat fresh foodLittle Pollution or DirtMove to new campsLow Population DensityLittle exposure to animals
اسلاید 59: All change with the Agricultural RevolutionWhen humans settled down to grow crops and raise animals their health began to get worse. Can you list why this may have been the case?http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org
اسلاید 60: Thank you for your attention!
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